{"id":12,"date":"2016-03-07T14:59:03","date_gmt":"2016-03-07T13:59:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/2016\/03\/07\/antagonisti-na-nmda-receptory-disociativne-latky\/"},"modified":"2026-01-28T00:44:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T23:44:54","slug":"antagonisti-na-nmda-receptory-disociativne-latky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/sk\/antagonisti-na-nmda-receptory-disociativne-latky\/","title":{"rendered":"Antagonisti na NMDA receptory – disociat\u00edvne l\u00e1tky"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ja m\u00e1m trochu in\u00e9 myslenie ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed, m\u00e1m lep\u0161ie rozvinut\u00e9 schopnosti dedukcie, schopnos\u0165 vidie\u0165 v s\u00favislostiach a spojitostiach. Sn\u00e1\u010f v\u00e1m nebude probl\u00e9m pochopi\u0165 tento \u010dl\u00e1nok, ke\u010f tam \u010dasto okrem hlavnej t\u00e9my aj odbo\u010d\u00edm a p\u00ed\u0161em tu aj o s\u00favislostiach.

NMDA antagonisti, sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa vo v\u0161eobecnosti disociat\u00edvne l\u00e1tky.
\nhttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NMDA_receptor_antagonist<\/a>

Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161iu disociat\u00edvnu l\u00e1tku patr\u00ed n\u00e1vykov\u00fd ketam\u00edn<\/em><\/strong>. Hovor\u00ed sa mu aj disociat\u00edvne anestetikum. Ketam\u00edn dok\u00e1\u017ee \u010dloveka znehybnie\u0165, preto je vhodn\u00fd pri neposedn\u00fdch de\u0165och, ak lek\u00e1r potrebuje urobi\u0165 drobn\u00fd chirurgick\u00fd z\u00e1krok. Tlm\u00ed tie\u017e boles\u0165. P\u00f4sob\u00ed len kr\u00e1tko mysl\u00edm, \u017ee len nejak\u00fdch 10-15 min\u00fat. Disociat\u00edvne anestetikum<\/em><\/strong> sa vn\u00edma ako tak\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 s princ\u00edpu nesp\u00f4sob\u00ed \u010dloveku bezvedomie.
\nKetam\u00edn zvy\u0161uje krvn\u00fd tlak hlavne preto, lebo jeho \u00fa\u010dinok je neselekt\u00edvny, m\u00e1 aj ur\u010dit\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00fa vlastnos\u0165 s koka\u00ednom: je inhib\u00edtorom sp\u00e4tn\u00e9ho vychyt\u00e1vania dopam\u00ednu, seroton\u00ednu a noradrenal\u00ednu.

Aj zn\u00e1my “rajsk\u00fd plyn”<\/strong> je NMDA antagonista, okrem toho zvy\u0161uje aktivitu aj niektor\u00fdm dopam\u00ednov\u00fdm receptorom. Pre celkov\u00fa anest\u00e9zu je nepraktick\u00fd, preto\u017ee dos\u0165 zastavuje d\u00fdchanie a jeho \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 je dos\u0165 n\u00edzka, mus\u00ed by\u0165 pod\u00e1van\u00fd vo vysokej koncentr\u00e1cii s kysl\u00edkom, pri\u010dom hrozba hypoventil\u00e1cie je ve\u013emi vysok\u00e1. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa niekedy aj zmie\u0161an\u00fd s in\u00fdmi inhala\u010dn\u00fdmi anestetikami. Samostatne sa pou\u017e\u00edva len ako analgetikum a naj\u010dastej\u0161ie ho pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa zub\u00e1ri (hlavne s\u00fakromn\u00ed), viac menej ako z\u00e1bavku pre pacientov, preto\u017ee na utlmenie bolesti m\u00e1 zub\u00e1r aj in\u00e9 viac praktick\u00e9 mo\u017enosti.
\nXen\u00f3n<\/strong> je celkov\u00e9 anestetikum, je selekt\u00edvny NMDA antagonista z podstatne vy\u0161\u0161ou afinitou\/\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165ou ako oxid dusn\u00fd, je u\u017e viac praktick\u00fd, na Slovensku sa e\u0161te nepou\u017e\u00edva. Porovnanie oxidu dusn\u00e9ho so xen\u00f3nom je tu https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenon#Medical<\/a>

L\u00e1tky ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa NMDA antagonisti, dok\u00e1\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 halucin\u00e1cie a mimotelov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u017eitky. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissociative<\/a>

Mo\u017enos\u0165 n\u00e1vykovosti a z\u00e1vislosti<\/strong> u NMDA antagonistov m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 len vtedy, ak je \u00fa\u010dinok t\u00fdchto l\u00e1tok neselekt\u00edvny, ak zvy\u0161uj\u00fa aktivitu aj dopam\u00ednov\u00fdm receptorom.

(celkovo n\u00e1vykovos\u0165 pri v\u0161etk\u00fdch n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch psychoakt\u00edvnych l\u00e1tkach sa vysvet\u013euje pod\u013ea s\u00fa\u010dasnej vedy len jednou te\u00f3riou: zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm aktivity dopam\u00ednov\u00fdch receptorov, (\u010di u\u017e priamo alebo nepriamo), pri\u010dom nie v\u0161etky l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 zvysuj\u00fa aktivitu dopam\u00ednov\u00fdm receptorom s\u00fa n\u00e1vykov\u00e9, ako napr. LSD, \u010di parkinsonick\u00e9 lieky).

Pojem disoci\u00e1cia<\/strong> sa vn\u00edma ako ur\u010dit\u00e1 zmena stavu vedomia, hlavne v tom pozit\u00edvnom slova zmysle. Ak za\u010dne by\u0165 disoci\u00e1cia patologick\u00e1, potom je to vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako depersonaliz\u00e1cia alebo derealiz\u00e1cia<\/strong> a to u\u017e v s\u00favislosti so psychiatrickou diagn\u00f3zou. (Ve\u013emi nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 stavy depersonaliz\u00e1cie maj\u00fa \u010dasto u\u017e\u00edvatelia konope \u010do je spojen\u00e9 aj z \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdmi depresiami)

NMDA receptory s\u00fa nie\u010d\u00edm ve\u013emi unik\u00e1tne. Ako jedin\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie receptory s\u00fa vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako excita\u010dn\u00e9 receptory<\/strong>,
\n(pri\u010dom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina receptorov nie s\u00fa kvalifikovan\u00e9 ani ako inhibi\u010dn\u00e9 ani ako excita\u010dn\u00e9). Zasa naopak, jedin\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie inhibi\u010dn\u00e9 receptory s\u00fa GABA receptory.
\nV\u0161etky celkov\u00e9 anestetik\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 na Slovenskom farmakologickom trhu, s\u00fa farmakologicky GABA agonisti a NMDA antagonisti, okrem opi\u00e1tov a midazolamu, ktor\u00fd ako sedat\u00edvum-benzodiazep\u00edn zvy\u0161uje aktivitu len GABA receptorom.

(Be\u017en\u00e9 anestetik\u00e1 s\u00fa okrem toho \u010dasto aj antagonisti na muskar\u00edn-acetylchol\u00ednov\u00e9 alebo nikot\u00edn-acetylchol\u00ednov\u00e9 receptory, \u010do s\u00fa to vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9 takmer rovnak\u00e9 receptory. V\u00fdhodu to m\u00e1 potl\u00e1\u010danie sekr\u00e9cie hlienov v d\u00fdchac\u00edch cest\u00e1ch, \u010do padne anest\u00e9ziol\u00f3govi mimoriadne vhod).
\nGABA agonista a NMDA antagonista je ak alkohol – asi nie nadarmo ho v d\u00e1vnej minulosti pou\u017e\u00edvali ako anestetikum na oper\u00e1cie.

GABA a NMDA receptory by mali by\u0165, pokia\u013e viem, receptory, ktor\u00fdch je v mozgu najviac. Teda o to silnej\u0161ie p\u00f4sobia l\u00e1tky na tieto receptory a o to s\u00fa v\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie

Disociat\u00edva s\u00fa unik\u00e1tne t\u00fdm, \u017ee ako jedin\u00e9 psychoakt\u00edvne l\u00e1tky funguj\u00fa na, z\u00e1klade zni\u017eovania aktivity receptorov (antagonizme)<\/strong>. V\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 aj nen\u00e1vykov\u00e9 funguj\u00fa na princ\u00edpe zvy\u0161ovania aktivity nejak\u00fdm receptorom (agonizme).

NMDA receptory a neurodegenerat\u00edvne choroby<\/strong>
\nPod\u013ea zdanlivej logiky by na starobu sa mali procesy v \u013eudskom tele spoma\u013eova\u0165. Ale opak je pravdou. Ak \u010dlovek starne, zr\u00fdch\u013euj\u00fa sa v\u0161etky procesy v tele, napr. srdce sa za\u010dne pracova\u0165 omnoho v\u00fdkonnej\u0161\u00edm tempom, \u010do sa prejavuje hypertenziou (celkovo hlavn\u00fdm faktorom krvn\u00e9ho tlaku je srdce), ktor\u00fa m\u00e1 v starobe takmer ka\u017ed\u00fd.
\nA v mozgu plat\u00ed presne rovnak\u00e1 logika. Najv\u00fdkonnej\u0161ie pracuj\u00face (excita\u010dn\u00e9) receptory, za\u010dn\u00fa na starobu pracova\u0165 e\u0161te v\u00fdkonnej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom. Privysok\u00e1 aktivita NMDA receptorov sp\u00f4sobuje postupn\u00e9 samozni\u010denie, odumieranie nervov\u00fdch buniek a tomu sa hovor\u00ed excitoxicita<\/strong> (odvoden\u00e1 od slova excit\u00e1cia a toxicita).
\nA excitoxicitou s\u00favisia neurodegenerat\u00edvne choroby, ako Alzheimerova a Parkinsonova choroba<\/strong>. Alzheimerik a parkinsonik by mali u\u017e\u00edva\u0165 lieky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa NMDA antagonisti.
\nPri Alzheimerovej chorobe mo\u017eno n\u00e1padne pozorova\u0165, \u017ee mozog Alzheimerika je zmen\u0161en\u00fd a scvrknut\u00fd.

Schizofr\u00e9nia<\/strong>
\nNiektor\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky schizofr\u00e9nie s\u00fa podobn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinkom NMDA antagonistom. Pod\u013ea s\u00fa\u010dasnej vedy sa pri\u0161lo na to, \u017ee schizofrenik m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161iu hladinu l\u00e1tky v mozgu, ktor\u00e1 je NMDA antagonista https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kynurenic_acid#Role_in_disease<\/a>. Preto vznikla aj NMDA te\u00f3ria o p\u00f4vode schizofr\u00e9nie. T\u00e1to te\u00f3ria nie je v rozpore s dopam\u00ednovou te\u00f3riou. Mimochodom ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 psychiatrov pova\u017euje schizofr\u00e9niu ako s\u00fabor viacero diagn\u00f3z naraz. Schizofrenik by mal u\u017e\u00edva\u0165 l\u00e1tku, ktor\u00e1 je NMDA agonista.
\nhttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia<\/a>

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1<\/strong>
\n\u017diadne v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 neboli zaznamenan\u00e9 pri nen\u00e1vykov\u00fdch NMDA antagonistoch. Iba dlhodob\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edvanie, vo vysokej frekvencii a vo vysok\u00fdch d\u00e1vkach m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 trval\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie mozgu. Z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je zmena na nervov\u00fdch bunk\u00e1ch tak\u00e1, \u017ee obsahuj\u00fa viac vody vo vakuol\u00e1ch. To sa ale zakr\u00e1tko vr\u00e1ti do normy po tom, ako disociat\u00edvnej l\u00e1tke skon\u010d\u00ed doba \u00fa\u010dinnosti.

Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m vn\u00edmam to, \u017ee s\u00fa NMDA antagonisti len ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo vedecky presk\u00faman\u00e9. Ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo o nich vieme. Viac inform\u00e1cii vieme len v\u00fdlu\u010dne o ketam\u00edne a DXM

L-fenylalan\u00edn<\/strong> je tie\u017e v NMDA antagonista. Je to v\u00fd\u017eivov\u00fd doplnok vo\u013enopredajn\u00fd v lek\u00e1rni. \u013dudia na internete p\u00edsali, \u017ee po u\u017eit\u00ed fenylalan\u00ednu mali ve\u013emi kvalitn\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 sny https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L-Phenylalanine<\/a>

DXM<\/strong> DXM je \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka v liekoch proti ka\u0161\u013eu. Nako\u013eko s\u00fa lieky v USA dostupn\u00e9 aj be\u017ene v obchodoch, ich predaj nevy\u017eaduje lek\u00e1rsky predpis, \u013eudia maj\u00fa s n\u00edm ve\u013ea rekrea\u010dn\u00fdch sk\u00fasenost\u00ed a je o \u0148om dostupn\u00fdch asi najviac inform\u00e1cii. M\u00e1 ale extr\u00e9mne n\u00edzku afinitu\/silu \u00fa\u010dinnosti, \u013eudia ho pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v rekrea\u010dn\u00fdch d\u00e1vkach v 600-1000 mg aj omnoho viac. Nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 ved\u013eaj\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinky z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 kv\u00f4li jeho n\u00edzkej afinite. Org\u00e1ny cel\u00e9ho tela maj\u00fa \u010do robi\u0165, aby zvl\u00e1dli tak\u00e9 ve\u013emi ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo cudzej neprirodzenej “chemik\u00e1lie” v tele. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan<\/a>
\nInak existuje aj nejak\u00e1 disociat\u00edvna l\u00e1tka s ve\u013emi vysokou afinitou, je v\u0161ak ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo presk\u00faman\u00e1. Tam by \u017eiadne tak\u00e9to probl\u00e9my ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinkov neboli

Sigma \u03c3 receptory<\/strong>
\nNejde o opioidn\u00fd receptor. Aktivitu zvy\u0161uj\u00fa t\u00fdmto receptorom n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 NMDA antagonisti ako napr. ketam\u00edn a PCP. DMT je pod\u013ea s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho vedeck\u00e9ho poznania jedin\u00e1 l\u00e1tka z tryptam\u00ednov (tryptam\u00edny s\u00fa l\u00e1tky ve\u013emi podobn\u00e9 neurotransmiteru seroton\u00ednu https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Psychedelic_tryptamines<\/a>) a jedin\u00e1 l\u00e1tka so psychedelick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e1 je agonistom sigma receptorov.
\nAntipsychotikum Haloperidol je zasa antagonista na tieto receptory.

L\u00e1tky Ditolylguanidine, Siramesine by mali by\u0165 nen\u00e1vykov\u00e9 agonisti na sigma receptory a z\u00e1rove\u0148 antagonsti na NMDA receptory. Ide o m\u00e1lo presk\u00faman\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.

Lep\u0161ie zdokumentovan\u00e1 l\u00e1tka ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed najsilnej\u0161ie na sigma receptory je Ibogain. Probl\u00e9m s\u00fa pri \u0148om srdcov\u00e9 arytmie https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibogaine<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161iu disociat\u00edvnu l\u00e1tku patr\u00ed n\u00e1vykov\u00fd ketam\u00edn. Aj zn\u00e1my “rajsk\u00fd plyn” je NMDA antagonista. NMDA receptory s\u00fa nie\u010d\u00edm ve\u013emi unik\u00e1tne. Ako jedin\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie receptory s\u00fa vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako excita\u010dn\u00e9 receptory,","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-psychedelika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/psychedelika\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}