{"id":3579,"date":"2026-08-06T22:43:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-06T20:43:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/?p=3579"},"modified":"2026-08-06T23:07:14","modified_gmt":"2026-08-06T21:07:14","slug":"malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e1lo zn\u00e1me fakty o gnostikoch. Ich hist\u00f3ria a filozofia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ake_spisy_gnostikov_a_od_gnostikov_sa_zachovali_nielen_popis_ich_kritikov\" >Ak\u00e9 spisy gnostikov a od gnostikov sa zachovali (nielen popis ich kritikov)?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Rukopisy_Kniznica_z_Nag_Hammadi_Objavene_v_roku_1945_Egypt\" >1. Rukopisy (Kni\u017enica) z Nag Hamm\u00e1d\u00ed (Objaven\u00e9 v roku 1945, Egypt)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Berlinsky_kodex_Codex_Berolinensis_8502_%E2%80%93_Objaveny_v_roku_1896\" >2. Berl\u00ednsky k\u00f3dex (Codex Berolinensis 8502 \u2013 Objaven\u00fd v roku 1896)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#3_Codex_Tchacos_Objaveny_v_70_rokoch_20_storocia_publikovany_v_roku_2006\" >3. Codex Tchacos (Objaven\u00fd v 70. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia, publikovan\u00fd v roku 2006)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#4_Starsie_nalezy_zname_od_18_storocia\" >4. Star\u0161ie n\u00e1lezy (zn\u00e1me od 18. storo\u010dia)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Vyznam_tychto_priamych_spisov\" >V\u00fdznam t\u00fdchto priamych spisov<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zachovali_sa_aj_povodne_spisy_bogomilov\" >Zachovali sa aj p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 spisy bogomilov?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_%E2%80%9ETajna_kniha%E2%80%9C_Interrogatio_Iohannis_%E2%80%93_jediny_kompletny_original\" >1. \u201eTajn\u00e1 kniha\u201c (Interrogatio Iohannis) \u2013 jedin\u00fd kompletn\u00fd origin\u00e1l<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Bogomilske_apokryfy_a_ludove_legendy_Slovanske_rukopisy\" >2. Bogomilsk\u00e9 apokryfy a \u013eudov\u00e9 legendy (Slovansk\u00e9 rukopisy)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zhrnutie\" >Zhrnutie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ake_originalne_spisy_manicheicov_sa_zachovali\" >Ak\u00e9 origin\u00e1lne spisy manicheicov sa zachovali?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Maniho_vlastne_kanonicke_spisy_%E2%80%93_Zlomky_a_fragmenty\" >1. Maniho vlastn\u00e9 (kanonick\u00e9) spisy \u2013 Zlomky a fragmenty<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Velke_kodexy_zapisane_Maniho_ziakmi_Kompletne_knihy\" >2. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 k\u00f3dexy zap\u00edsan\u00e9 Maniho \u017eiakmi (Kompletn\u00e9 knihy)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#3_Kolinsky_Maniho_kodex_Codex_Manichaicus_Coloniensis\" >3. Kol\u00ednsky Maniho k\u00f3dex (Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#4_Cinske_manichejske_spisy_Rukopisy_z_Tun-chuangu\" >4. \u010c\u00ednske manichejsk\u00e9 spisy (Rukopisy z Tun-chuangu)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_sa_davali_manichejci_a_ine_odnoze_gnostikov_vnimali_filozoficky_princip_dobra_a_zla\" >Ako sa d\u00e1vali manichejci a in\u00e9 odno\u017ee gnostikov vn\u00edmali filozofick\u00fd princ\u00edp dobra a zla?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Manichejci_Radikalny_absolutny_dualizmus\" >1. Manichejci: Radik\u00e1lny (absol\u00fatny) dualizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Gnostici_Emanacny_zmierneny_dualizmus\" >2. Gnostici: Emana\u010dn\u00fd (zmiernen\u00fd) dualizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Porovnavacia_tabulka_Dobro_a_Zlo\" >Porovn\u00e1vacia tabu\u013eka: Dobro a Zlo<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_vyzerala_organizacna_struktura_manichejcov\" >Ako vyzerala organiza\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara manichejcov?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Pyramida_manichejskej_hierarchie\" >Pyram\u00edda manichejskej hierarchie<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Archegos_Najvyssi_vodca_Princ\" >1. Archegos (Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodca \/ Princ)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_12_Ucitelov_Apostoli_magistri\" >2. 12 U\u010dite\u013eov (Apo\u0161toli \/ magistri)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#3_72_Biskupov_episcopi\" >3. 72 Biskupov (episcopi)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#4_360_Starsich_Presbyteri_Knazi\" >4. 360 Star\u0161\u00edch (Presbyteri \/ K\u0148azi)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#5_Vyvoleni_electi_%E2%80%93_mnisi_a_mnisky\" >5. Vyvolen\u00ed (electi \u2013 mn\u00edsi a mn\u00ed\u0161ky)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zakladna_pyramidy_Nasluchaci_auditores_%E2%80%93_laici\" >Z\u00e1klad\u0148a pyram\u00eddy: Nasluch\u00e1\u010di (auditores \u2013 laici)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Specificke_crty_manichejskej_organizacie\" >\u0160pecifick\u00e9 \u010drty manichejskej organiz\u00e1cie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_vyzeral_kazdodenny_manichejcov_Povedz_nejake_zaujimavosti_Ci_sa_riadili_Mali_nejake_nabozenske_ritualy\" >Ako vyzeral ka\u017edodenn\u00fd manichejcov? Povedz nejak\u00e9 zauj\u00edmavosti. \u010c\u00ed sa riadili? Mali nejak\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_vyzeral_ich_bezny_den\" >Ako vyzeral ich be\u017en\u00fd de\u0148?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#A_Den_Vyvoleneho_Asketicky_mnich\" >A. De\u0148 Vyvolen\u00e9ho (Asketick\u00fd mn\u00edch)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#B_Den_Nasluchaca_Bezny_laik\" >B. De\u0148 Nasluch\u00e1\u010da (Be\u017en\u00fd laik)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Hlavny_denny_ritual_Posvatna_vecera_%E2%80%9EKozmicke_travenie%E2%80%9C\" >Hlavn\u00fd denn\u00fd ritu\u00e1l: Posv\u00e4tn\u00e1 ve\u010dera (\u201eKozmick\u00e9 tr\u00e1venie\u201c)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Tyzdenny_ritual_Pondelkova_spoved\" >T\u00fd\u017edenn\u00fd ritu\u00e1l: Pondelkov\u00e1 spove\u010f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zaujimavosti_zo_zivota_manichejcov\" >Zauj\u00edmavosti zo \u017eivota manichejcov<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#%F0%9F%8D%89_%E2%80%9EMelonova_posadnutost%E2%80%9C\" >\ud83c\udf49 \u201eMel\u00f3nov\u00e1 posadnutos\u0165\u201c<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#%F0%9F%8C%B1_Ospravedlnovanie_sa_prirode\" >\ud83c\udf31 Ospravedl\u0148ovanie sa pr\u00edrode<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#%F0%9F%9B%81_Zakaz_kupania_vo_vode\" >\ud83d\udec1 Z\u00e1kaz k\u00fapania vo vode?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#%F0%9F%AA%91_Sviatok_Bema_a_prazdny_tron\" >\ud83e\ude91 Sviatok Bema a pr\u00e1zdny tr\u00f3n<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Hovorili_si_manichejci_manichejci_alebo_je_to_len_pejorativne_pomenovanie_ich_kritikov\" >Hovorili si manichejci manichejci, alebo je to len pejorat\u00edvne pomenovanie ich kritikov?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Preco_bolo_oznacenie_%E2%80%9Emanichejci%E2%80%9C_vnimane_negativne\" >Pre\u010do bolo ozna\u010denie \u201emanichejci\u201c vn\u00edman\u00e9 negat\u00edvne?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_sa_teda_oznacovali_oni_sami\" >Ako sa teda ozna\u010dovali oni sami?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Pravi_krestania\" >1. Prav\u00ed kres\u0165ania<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Cirkev_Svetla_Nabozenstvo_Svetla\" >2. Cirkev Svetla \/ N\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Svetla<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#3_Deti_Svetla_Vyvoleni_Spravodlivi_alebo_Svati\" >3. Deti Svetla, Vyvolen\u00ed, Spravodliv\u00ed alebo Sv\u00e4t\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#4_Synovia_vdovy\" >4. Synovia vdovy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_to_bolo_na_Vychode_v_Azii\" >Ako to bolo na V\u00fdchode (v \u00c1zii)?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ake_ucenie_mali_gnostici_o_Demiurgovi_Jaldabaothovi_a_archontoch\" >Ak\u00e9 u\u010denie mali gnostici o Demiurgovi, Jaldabaothovi, a archontoch?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Demiurg_Zaslepeny_tvorca_hmoty\" >1. Demiurg (Zaslepen\u00fd tvorca hmoty)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Jaldabaoth_Hlavne_meno_Demiurga\" >2. Jaldaba\u00f3th (Hlavn\u00e9 meno Demiurga)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#3_Archonti_Kozmicki_vaznitelia_dusi\" >3. Archonti (Kozmick\u00ed v\u00e4znitelia du\u0161\u00ed)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_porazit_archontov\" >Ako porazi\u0165 archontov?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zhrnutie-2\" >Zhrnutie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Manicheizmus_Sirilo_sa_toto_nabozenstvo_niekedy_v_dejinach_v_niektorych_regionoch_aj_nasilim_Zodpovedalo_toto_nabozenstvo_aj_za_vojny_alebo_nabozenske_vojny\" >Manicheizmus. \u0160\u00edrilo sa toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo niekedy v dejin\u00e1ch v niektor\u00fdch regi\u00f3noch aj n\u00e1sil\u00edm? Zodpovedalo toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo aj za vojny alebo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 vojny?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Sirilo_sa_toto_nabozenstvo_nasilim\" >1. \u0160\u00edrilo sa toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo n\u00e1sil\u00edm?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Zodpovedalo_toto_nabozenstvo_za_vojny_alebo_nabozenske_vojny\" >2. Zodpovedalo toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo za vojny alebo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 vojny?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#A_Ujgursky_kaganat_762_%E2%80%93_840_n_l_%E2%80%93_Jediny_manichejsky_stat\" >A. Ujgursk\u00fd kagan\u00e1t (762 \u2013 840 n. l.) \u2013 Jedin\u00fd manichejsk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#B_Selske_povstania_v_Cine_Tajne_spolky_Ming-tiao\" >B. Selsk\u00e9 povstania v \u010c\u00edne (Tajn\u00e9 spolky Ming-\u0165iao)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zhrnutie_Manichejci_ako_obete_nie_agresori\" >Zhrnutie: Manichejci ako obete, nie agresori<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_zdovodnoval_cisar_Dioklecian_pripadne_ini_rimski_cisari_prenasledovanie_manichejcov\" >Ako zd\u00f4vod\u0148oval cis\u00e1r Diokleci\u00e1n pr\u00edpadne in\u00ed r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri prenasledovanie manichejcov?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Dioklecianove_zdovodnenia_pohansky_Rim\" >1. Diokleci\u00e1nove zd\u00f4vodnenia (pohansk\u00fd R\u00edm)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#A_Perska_%E2%80%9Epiata_kolona%E2%80%9C_a_nepriatelsky_povod_Geopolitika\" >A. Persk\u00e1 \u201epiata kol\u00f3na\u201c a nepriate\u013esk\u00fd p\u00f4vod (Geopolitika)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#B_Porusenie_starych_rimskych_tradicii_Mos_maiorum\" >B. Poru\u0161enie star\u00fdch r\u00edmskych trad\u00edci\u00ed (Mos maiorum)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#C_Ohrozenie_mravov_a_verejneho_poriadku\" >C. Ohrozenie mravov a verejn\u00e9ho poriadku<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Tresty_v_Dioklecianovom_edikte\" >Tresty v Diokleci\u00e1novom edikte:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Zdovodnenia_neskorsich_krestanskych_cisarov_Teodosius_I_Justinian_I\" >2. Zd\u00f4vodnenia neskor\u0161\u00edch kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov (Teodosius I., Justini\u00e1n I.)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#A_Najtazsie_kacirovstvo_a_ruhanie\" >A. Naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161ie kac\u00edrovstvo a r\u00fahanie<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#B_Pravna_likvidacia_a_strata_obcianskych_prav\" >B. Pr\u00e1vna likvid\u00e1cia a strata ob\u010dianskych pr\u00e1v<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zhrnutie-3\" >Zhrnutie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Mani_zomrel_vo_vazeni_Kto_ho_uvaznil\" >Mani zomrel vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed. Kto ho uv\u00e4znil?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ako_k_tomu_doslo_Historicke_pozadie\" >Ako k tomu do\u0161lo? (Historick\u00e9 pozadie)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zatkntie_a_smrt_vo_vazeni\" >Zatkntie a smr\u0165 vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Cisar_Dioklecian_vydal_edikt_proti_gnostikom-manichejcom_skor_ako_proti_%E2%80%9Ekatolickym%E2%80%9C_krestanom\" >Cis\u00e1r Diokleci\u00e1n vydal edikt proti gnostikom-manichejcom sk\u00f4r ako proti \u201ekatol\u00edckym\u201c kres\u0165anom?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ktore_gnosticke_prudy_hovoria_o_tom_ako_Tomasovo_evanjelium_ze_dusa_duch_kazdeho_cloveka_ma_bozsku_iskru_ktoru_treba_prebudit_Co_hovoril_manicheizmus_o_tejto_teme\" >Ktor\u00e9 gnostick\u00e9 pr\u00fady hovoria o tom ako Tom\u00e1\u0161ovo evanjelium, \u017ee du\u0161a \/ duch ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dloveka m\u00e1 bo\u017esk\u00fa iskru ktor\u00fa treba prebudi\u0165?  \r\n\u010co hovoril manicheizmus o tejto t\u00e9me?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Gnosticke_prudy_uciace_o_bozskej_iskre\" >1. Gnostick\u00e9 pr\u00fady u\u010diace o bo\u017eskej iskre<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#A_Tomasovska_tradicia_Syrska_gnosticka_skola\" >A. Tom\u00e1\u0161ovsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia (S\u00fdrska gnostick\u00e1 \u0161kola)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#B_Setovci_Sethianizmus\" >B. Setovci (Sethianizmus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#C_Valentinovci_Valentinianizmus\" >C. Valent\u00ednovci (Valentinianizmus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#D_Hermetizmus_Alexandrijska_tradicia\" >D. Hermetizmus (Alexandrijsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#E_Naaseni_a_Ofiti\" >E. Naas\u00e9ni a Ofiti<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Co_hovoril_o_bozskej_iskre_Manicheizmus\" >2. \u010co hovoril o bo\u017eskej iskre Manicheizmus?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#A_Iskra_nie_je_len_v_cloveku_ale_v_celej_prirode\" >A. Iskra nie je len v \u010dloveku, ale v celej pr\u00edrode<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#B_Stvorenie_Adama_ako_%E2%80%9Epasca_na_svetlo%E2%80%9C\" >B. Stvorenie Adama ako \u201epasca na svetlo\u201c<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#C_Ritual_Prebudenia_Adama_Svetelny_Jezis\" >C. Ritu\u00e1l Prebudenia Adama (Sveteln\u00fd Je\u017ei\u0161)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#D_Uloha_cloveka\" >D. \u00daloha \u010dloveka<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-86\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zhrnutie-4\" >Zhrnutie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-87\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#VYSKUMNA_SPRAVA_Kozmologia_Demiurg_a_Teodicea_v_Gnostickych_a_Dualistickych_Systemoch\" >V\u00ddSKUMN\u00c1 SPR\u00c1VA: Kozmol\u00f3gia, Demiurg a Teodicea v Gnostick\u00fdch a Dualistick\u00fdch Syst\u00e9moch<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-88\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#%F0%9F%92%A1_KLUCOVE_ZAVERY_VYSKUMU_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY\" >\ud83d\udca1 K\u013d\u00da\u010cOV\u00c9 Z\u00c1VERY V\u00ddSKUMU (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-89\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#5_Mandejci_a_ucenie_Ginza_Rabba_Ptahil_ako_nedokonaly_stvoritel\" >5. Mandejci a u\u010denie Ginza Rabba: Ptahil ako nedokonal\u00fd stvorite\u013e<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-90\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#51_Ptahil_Demiurg_ako_zlyhavajuci_remeselnik\" >5.1. Ptahil: Demiurg ako zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00faci remeseln\u00edk<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-91\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#52_Stvorenie_Pagra_tela_a_nedostatok_Nisimty_duse\" >5.2. Stvorenie Pagra (tela) a nedostatok Ni\u0161imty (du\u0161e)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-92\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#6_Manicheizmus_Radikalny_ontologicky_dualizmus_a_dobry_Demiurg\" >6. Manicheizmus: Radik\u00e1lny ontologick\u00fd dualizmus a dobr\u00fd Demiurg<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-93\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#61_Utok_Archontov_a_obeta_Prveho_cloveka\" >6.1. \u00datok Archontov a obeta Prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-94\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#62_Zivy_Duch_Spiritus_Vivens_ako_dobry_architekt_a_demiurg_spasy\" >6.2. \u017div\u00fd Duch (Spiritus Vivens) ako dobr\u00fd architekt a demiurg sp\u00e1sy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-95\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#63_Stvorenie_tiel_ako_demonicky_protiutok\" >6.3. Stvorenie tiel ako d\u00e9monick\u00fd proti\u00fatok<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-96\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#7_Bogomilovia_a_Katari_Zmierneny_dualizmus_a_pad_Satanaela\" >7. Bogomilovia a Katari: Zmiernen\u00fd dualizmus a p\u00e1d Satanaela<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-97\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#71_Kniha_tajnej_vecere_Interrogatio_Iohannis_a_povod_Zla\" >7.1. Kniha tajnej ve\u010dere (Interrogatio Iohannis) a p\u00f4vod Zla<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-98\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#72_Satanael_ako_Demiurg_Pan_Zeme_a_vaznitel_anjelov\" >7.2. Satanael ako Demiurg, P\u00e1n Zeme a v\u00e4znite\u013e anjelov<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-99\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#73_Odmietanie_rimskych_sviatosti_a_radikalna_prax_Consolamentum\" >7.3. Odmietanie r\u00edmskych sviatost\u00ed a radik\u00e1lna prax Consolamentum<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-100\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#8_Suhrnne_filozoficke_zhodnotenie_gnostickej_teodicey\" >8. S\u00fahrnn\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 zhodnotenie gnostickej teodicey<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-101\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Porovnavava_tabulka_gnostickych_modelov_Zla\" >Porovn\u00e1vav\u00e1 tabu\u013eka gnostick\u00fdch modelov Zla:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-102\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zaverecne_zhrnutie\" >Z\u00e1vere\u010dn\u00e9 zhrnutie<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-103\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Ontologia_zla_a_nevedomosti_v_gnostickych_tradiciach\" >Ontol\u00f3gia zla a nevedomosti v gnostick\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-104\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#1_Ontologia_omylu_a_nevedomosti_Setianska_Klasicka_gnosticka_tradicia\" >1. Ontol\u00f3gia omylu a nevedomosti (S\u00e9tianska \/ Klasick\u00e1 gnostick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-105\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#2_Podriadena_spravodlivost_Valentinianska_tradicia\" >2. Podriaden\u00e1 spravodlivos\u0165 (Valentini\u00e1nska trad\u00edcia)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-106\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#3_Vedoma_malignita_agresia_a_boj_Manichejska_a_bogomilska_tradicia\" >3. Vedom\u00e1 malignita, agresia a boj (Manichejsk\u00e1 a bogomilsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-107\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Zaver\" >Z\u00e1ver<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-108\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/#Pouzite_zdroje_a_webove_odkazy\" >Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje a webov\u00e9 odkazy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ake_spisy_gnostikov_a_od_gnostikov_sa_zachovali_nielen_popis_ich_kritikov\"><\/span>Ak\u00e9 spisy gnostikov a od gnostikov sa zachovali (nielen popis ich kritikov)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Viac ako tis\u00edcp\u00e4\u0165sto rokov boli jedin\u00fdm zdrojom inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o gnosticizme len spisy cirkevn\u00fdch otcov (kritikov), ktor\u00ed proti nemu bojovali (napr. sv. Irenej z Lyonu, sv. Hipolyt R\u00edmsky \u010di sv. Epifanios). T\u00ed gnostick\u00e9 texty citovali len selekt\u00edvne, aby ich mohli teologicky vyvr\u00e1ti\u0165.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tento stav sa v\u0161ak dramaticky zmenil v\u010faka archeologick\u00fdm objavom v 18., 19. a najm\u00e4 v polovici 20. storo\u010dia, kedy boli objaven\u00e9 <strong>skuto\u010dn\u00e9, origin\u00e1lne gnostick\u00e9 k\u00f3dexy<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tu je preh\u013ead najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch priamych gnostick\u00fdch spisov, ktor\u00e9 sa zachovali dodnes:<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-rukopisy-kni-nica-z-nag-hamm-d-objaven-v-roku-1945-egypt-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Rukopisy_Kniznica_z_Nag_Hammadi_Objavene_v_roku_1945_Egypt\"><\/span>1. Rukopisy (Kni\u017enica) z Nag Hamm\u00e1d\u00ed (Objaven\u00e9 v roku 1945, Egypt)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Ide o najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed a najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1lez v hist\u00f3rii \u0161t\u00fadia gnosticizmu. Egyptsk\u00fd ro\u013en\u00edk na\u0161iel v hlinenom d\u017eb\u00e1ne 13 papyrusov\u00fdch k\u00f3dexov zviazan\u00fdch v ko\u017ei, ktor\u00e9 obsahovali <strong>52 preva\u017ene gnostick\u00fdch spisov<\/strong> nap\u00edsan\u00fdch v kopt\u010dine (i\u0161lo o preklady z p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch gr\u00e9ckych origin\u00e1lov z 2. a 3. storo\u010dia).<\/p>\r\n<p>Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie spisy z tejto kni\u017enice patria:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Tom\u00e1\u0161ovo evanjelium (<em>Gospel of Thomas<\/em>):<\/strong> V\u00fdznamn\u00fd spis obsahuj\u00faci 114 Je\u017ei\u0161ov\u00fdch v\u00fdrokov bez \u017eivotopisn\u00e9ho rozpr\u00e1vania. Ukazuje Je\u017ei\u0161a ako u\u010dite\u013ea, ktor\u00fd odovzd\u00e1va tajn\u00e9 poznanie (gn\u00f3zu) potrebn\u00e9 na prebudenie bo\u017eskej iskry v \u010dloveku.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Filipovo evanjelium (<em>Gospel of Philip<\/em>):<\/strong> Spis ovplyvnen\u00fd valent\u00ednskou gnostickou \u0161kolou. Obsahuje opisy gnostick\u00fdch sviatkov (najm\u00e4 mystick\u00fd ritu\u00e1l \u201esvadobnej komnaty\u201c) a zn\u00e1mu pas\u00e1\u017e opisuj\u00facu bl\u00edzky vz\u0165ah Je\u017ei\u0161a k M\u00e1rii Magdal\u00e9ne.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Tajn\u00e1 kniha J\u00e1nova (<em>Apocryphon of John<\/em>):<\/strong> Tento text je akousi \u201egnostickou bibliou\u201c. Pon\u00faka najkomplexnej\u0161\u00ed preh\u013ead gnostick\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu o stvoren\u00ed sveta \u2013 popisuje r\u00ed\u0161u Svetla (Pl\u00e9r\u00f3mu), p\u00e1d Sofie (M\u00fadrosti) a stvorenie hmotn\u00e9ho sveta zl\u00fdm slep\u00fdm bohom (Demiurgom \/ Jaldaba\u00f3thom).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Evanjelium Pravdy (<em>Gospel of Truth<\/em>):<\/strong> Hlboko poetick\u00e9, meditat\u00edvne dielo, ktor\u00e9ho autorstvo sa pripisuje priamo sl\u00e1vnemu gnostick\u00e9mu u\u010dite\u013eovi Valent\u00ednovi.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Podstata archontov (<em>The Hypostasis of the Archons<\/em>) a O p\u00f4vode sveta (<em>On the Origin of the World<\/em>):<\/strong> Tieto texty nanovo interpretuj\u00fa biblick\u00fa knihu Genesis v gnostickom duchu. Had v raji v nich nevystupuje ako poku\u0161ite\u013e, ale ako posol Svetla, ktor\u00fd chce otvori\u0165 Adamovi a Eve o\u010di, aby spoznali svoju skuto\u010dn\u00fa bo\u017esk\u00fa podstatu.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-berl-nsky-k-dex-codex-berolinensis-8502-objaven-v-roku-1896-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Berlinsky_kodex_Codex_Berolinensis_8502_%E2%80%93_Objaveny_v_roku_1896\"><\/span>2. Berl\u00ednsky k\u00f3dex (Codex Berolinensis 8502 \u2013 Objaven\u00fd v roku 1896)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Tento koptsk\u00fd papyrusov\u00fd k\u00f3dex bol zak\u00fapen\u00fd v Egypte a dnes sa nach\u00e1dza v Berl\u00edne. Obsahuje k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd spis:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Evanjelium pod\u013ea M\u00e1rie (Magdal\u00e9ny) (<em>Gospel of Mary<\/em>):<\/strong> Zobrazuje M\u00e1riu Magdal\u00e9nu ako osobu, ktorej vzkriesen\u00fd Kristus zveril tajn\u00e9 zjavenia, ktor\u00e9 neodhalil ani ostatn\u00fdm apo\u0161tolom. Text opisuje aj nap\u00e4tie a \u017eiarlivos\u0165 apo\u0161tola Petra vo\u010di jej autorite.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"3-codex-tchacos-objaven-v-70-rokoch-20-storo-ia-publikovan-v-roku-2006-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Codex_Tchacos_Objaveny_v_70_rokoch_20_storocia_publikovany_v_roku_2006\"><\/span>3. Codex Tchacos (Objaven\u00fd v 70. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia, publikovan\u00fd v roku 2006)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Tento k\u00f3dex pre\u0161iel komplikovanou cestou cez \u010dierny trh, k\u00fdm sa dostal do r\u00fak odborn\u00edkov. Obsahuje mimoriadne cenn\u00fd spis:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Evanjelium pod\u013ea Jud\u00e1\u0161a (<em>Gospel of Judas<\/em>):<\/strong> Spis patr\u00ed do vetvy tzv. sethovsk\u00e9ho gnosticizmu. Zobrazuje Jud\u00e1\u0161a I\u0161kariotsk\u00e9ho nie ako zradcu, ale ako jedin\u00e9ho apo\u0161tola, ktor\u00fd skuto\u010dne pochopil Je\u017ei\u0161ovo poslanie. Je\u017ei\u0161 ho v texte \u017eiada, aby ho \u201ezradil\u201c, preto\u017ee t\u00fdm pom\u00f4\u017ee jeho bo\u017eskej du\u0161i oslobodi\u0165 sa od hmotn\u00e9ho tela.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"4-star-ie-n-lezy-zn-me-od-18-storo-ia-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Starsie_nalezy_zname_od_18_storocia\"><\/span>4. Star\u0161ie n\u00e1lezy (zn\u00e1me od 18. storo\u010dia)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Codex Askewianus (Askewov k\u00f3dex):<\/strong> Zak\u00fapen\u00fd v Lond\u00fdne v roku 1785. Obsahuje rozsiahly a komplexn\u00fd spis <strong>Pistis Sophia (Viera-M\u00fadros\u0165)<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd zaznamen\u00e1va dlh\u00e9 dial\u00f3gy medzi vzkriesen\u00fdm Je\u017ei\u0161om a jeho u\u010den\u00edkmi o p\u00e1de a spasen\u00ed bo\u017eskej postavy menom Sofia.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Codex Brucianus (Bruceov k\u00f3dex):<\/strong> Objaven\u00fd cestovate\u013eom Jamesom Bruceom v roku 1769 v Egypte. Obsahuje <strong>Knihy Jeu<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 opisuj\u00fa gnostick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, krsty a magick\u00e9 formuly na prechod du\u0161e cez sf\u00e9ry ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch vl\u00e1dcov (archontov) po smrti.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"v-znam-t-chto-priamych-spisov\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vyznam_tychto_priamych_spisov\"><\/span>V\u00fdznam t\u00fdchto priamych spisov<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>N\u00e1lezy t\u00fdchto origin\u00e1lnych dokumentov historikom potvrdili, \u017ee ranokres\u0165ansk\u00ed kritici (ako Irenej \u010di August\u00edn) opisovali z\u00e1kladn\u00fa kostru gnostickej mytol\u00f3gie celkom presne. Tieto priame spisy v\u0161ak odhalili nie\u010do, \u010do kritici vo svojich polemik\u00e1ch vynech\u00e1vali alebo karikovali \u2013 hlbok\u00fa poetickos\u0165, vyspel\u00fa mystick\u00fa filozofiu, estetick\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 gnostick\u00fdch textov a r\u00f4znorodos\u0165 my\u0161lienkov\u00fdch pr\u00fadov ran\u00e9ho kres\u0165anstva.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zachovali_sa_aj_povodne_spisy_bogomilov\"><\/span>Zachovali sa aj p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 spisy bogomilov?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Pri bogomiloch (stredovekom dualistickom hnut\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 vzniklo v 10. storo\u010d\u00ed v Bulharsku a roz\u0161\u00edrilo sa po celom Balk\u00e1ne a Byzancii) je situ\u00e1cia s p\u00f4vodn\u00fdmi spismi <strong>ove\u013ea zlo\u017eitej\u0161ia a chudobnej\u0161ia<\/strong> ne\u017e v pr\u00edpade gnostikov.<\/p>\r\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee boli bogomili po st\u00e1ro\u010dia kruto prenasledovan\u00ed pravosl\u00e1vnou aj katol\u00edckou cirkvou, ich knihy boli systematicky p\u00e1len\u00e9. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o nich preto st\u00e1le poch\u00e1dza z diel ich kritikov \u2013 najm\u00e4 od bulharsk\u00e9ho <strong>k\u0148aza Kozmu Presbytera<\/strong> (<em>Beseda proti bogomilom<\/em> z 10. storo\u010dia), byzantsk\u00e9ho mn\u00edcha <strong>Euthymia Zigabena<\/strong> (<em>Panoplia Dogmatica<\/em>) \u010di z kroniky princeznej <strong>Anny Komnene<\/strong> (<em>Alexi\u00e1da<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<p>Napriek tejto de\u0161trukcii sa v\u0161ak <strong>nieko\u013eko p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch spisov a nimi upraven\u00fdch textov zachovalo<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-tajn-kniha-interrogatio-iohannis-jedin-kompletn-origin-l\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E2%80%9ETajna_kniha%E2%80%9C_Interrogatio_Iohannis_%E2%80%93_jediny_kompletny_original\"><\/span>1. \u201eTajn\u00e1 kniha\u201c (Interrogatio Iohannis) \u2013 jedin\u00fd kompletn\u00fd origin\u00e1l<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Ide o najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed, najsl\u00e1vnej\u0161\u00ed a prakticky <strong>jedin\u00fd autentick\u00fd bogomilsk\u00fd teologick\u00fd spis<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd sa zachoval v \u00faplnosti.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ako sa zachoval:<\/strong> paradoxne sa nezachoval na Balk\u00e1ne, ale v Z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3pe. Bogomili ho priniesli svojim duchovn\u00fdm nasledovn\u00edkom \u2013 katarom (albig\u00e9ncom) do severn\u00e9ho Talianska a ju\u017en\u00e9ho Franc\u00fazska. Zachoval sa v dvoch latinsk\u00fdch prekladoch (tzv. verzia z Carcassonne a verzia z Concorezza).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Obsah:<\/strong> Kniha (zn\u00e1ma aj ako <em>Ot\u00e1zky J\u00e1na Evanjelistu<\/em> alebo <em>Tajn\u00e1 ve\u010dera<\/em>) je koncipovan\u00e1 ako tajn\u00fd rozhovor medzi apo\u0161tolom J\u00e1nom a Je\u017ei\u0161om po\u010das Poslednej ve\u010dere. Je\u017ei\u0161 v nej J\u00e1novi odha\u013euje gnostick\u00fa kozmol\u00f3giu: ako padol star\u0161\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed syn Satanail, ako stvoril hmotn\u00fd svet a uv\u00e4znil v \u0148om \u013eudsk\u00e9 du\u0161e.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-bogomilsk-apokryfy-a-udov-legendy-slovansk-rukopisy-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Bogomilske_apokryfy_a_ludove_legendy_Slovanske_rukopisy\"><\/span>2. Bogomilsk\u00e9 apokryfy a \u013eudov\u00e9 legendy (Slovansk\u00e9 rukopisy)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Bogomili m\u00e1lokedy p\u00edsali \u00faplne nov\u00e9, vlastn\u00e9 knihy od nuly. Ich hlavnou liter\u00e1rnou \u010dinnos\u0165ou bolo <strong>prekladanie, upravovanie a populariz\u00e1cia star\u0161\u00edch apokryfov<\/strong> (\u017eidovsko-kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch nekanonick\u00fdch textov) tak, aby vyhovovali ich dualistick\u00e9mu poh\u013eadu na svet.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tieto texty sa zachovali v staroslovienskych, starobulharsk\u00fdch, srbsk\u00fdch \u010di starorusk\u00fdch rukopisoch. Hoci boli cirkvou zaraden\u00e9 na zoznamy zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch kn\u00edh (<em>indexy<\/em>), \u013eudia ich v stredoveku milovali a prepisovali si ich ako popul\u00e1rne \u010d\u00edtanie.<\/p>\r\n<p>Medzi najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie patr\u00ed:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Spisy k\u0148aza Jeremi\u00e1\u0161a (10. storo\u010die):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nJeremi\u00e1\u0161 bol priamy \u017eiak alebo s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00edk samotn\u00e9ho zakladate\u013ea hnutia, popa Bogomila. Pripisuje sa mu autorstvo alebo \u00faprava viacer\u00fdch apokryfov, najm\u00e4 <strong>O dreve kr\u00ed\u017ea<\/strong> (<em>Legend of the True Cross \/ Story of the Cross Tree<\/em>), kde sa mie\u0161a biblick\u00e1 hist\u00f3ria s bogomilskou mytol\u00f3giou o p\u00f4vode kr\u00ed\u017ea.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Videnie Izai\u00e1\u0161ovo (<em>Vision of Isaiah<\/em>):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nStar\u00fd apokryf, ktor\u00fd bogomili v\u00fdrazne upravili a pou\u017e\u00edvali na vysvetlenie usporiadania nebesk\u00fdch sf\u00e9r.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kniha tajomstiev Enochov\u00fdch (Slovansk\u00fd Enoch):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nSpis, ktor\u00fd detailne popisuje stvorenie sveta a bol medzi bogomilmi mimoriadne popul\u00e1rny.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Z\u00e1pis Adama a Evy (Adamova zmluva):<\/strong><br \/>\r\n\u013dudov\u00e1 legenda s bogomilsk\u00fdm mot\u00edvom, pod\u013ea ktorej Adam po vyhnan\u00ed z raja musel podp\u00edsa\u0165 zmluvu so Satanom (vl\u00e1dcom zeme), aby mohol v\u00f4bec ora\u0165 p\u00f4du a pre\u017ei\u0165.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Legenda o Tiberiadskom mori:<\/strong><br \/>\r\nKozmologick\u00e1 legenda o stvoren\u00ed sveta, v ktorej Boh a Satanail spolo\u010dne pl\u00e1vaj\u00fa po pravekom mori a Satanail sa pot\u00e1pa na dno, aby vyniesol zem, z ktorej Boh stvor\u00ed svet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"zhrnutie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zhrnutie\"><\/span>Zhrnutie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Zatia\u013e \u010do gnostici maj\u00fa svoju obrovsk\u00fa priamu kni\u017enicu z Nag Hamm\u00e1d\u00ed, bogomilsk\u00e9 p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 dedi\u010dstvo mus\u00edme rekon\u0161truova\u0165 z <strong>latinskej \u201eTajnej knihy\u201c<\/strong> a z desiatok <strong>skryt\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch apokryfov\u00fdch rukopisov<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 pre\u017eili stredovek\u00fa cenz\u00faru v \u013eudovom folkl\u00f3re a zak\u00e1zanej literat\u00fare.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ake_originalne_spisy_manicheicov_sa_zachovali\"><\/span>Ak\u00e9 origin\u00e1lne spisy manicheicov sa zachovali?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Mani (zakladate\u013e manicheizmu) bol na rozdiel od in\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch vodcov svojej doby v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00fd t\u00fdm, \u017ee svoje u\u010denie s\u00e1m sp\u00edsal a prelo\u017eil do viacer\u00fdch jazykov, aby zabr\u00e1nil jeho prekr\u00fateniu. Vytvoril pevn\u00fd k\u00e1non posv\u00e4tn\u00fdch kn\u00edh.<\/p>\r\n<p>Hoci sa po prenasledovan\u00ed manichejcov ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 ich p\u00f4vodnej literat\u00fary stratila, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed odhalili mno\u017estvo <strong>priamych a origin\u00e1lnych spisov<\/strong>. Tieto zachovan\u00e9 spisy sa delia na dve hlavn\u00e9 skupiny: <strong>Maniho vlastn\u00e9 (kanonick\u00e9) diela<\/strong> a <strong>spisy jeho bezprostredn\u00fdch \u017eiakov<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-maniho-vlastn-kanonick-spisy-zlomky-a-fragmenty\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Maniho_vlastne_kanonicke_spisy_%E2%80%93_Zlomky_a_fragmenty\"><\/span>1. Maniho vlastn\u00e9 (kanonick\u00e9) spisy \u2013 Zlomky a fragmenty<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Mani nap\u00edsal sedem (resp. osem) hlavn\u00fdch kn\u00edh (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu v s\u00fdrskej aramej\u010dine). Samotn\u00e9 aramejsk\u00e9 origin\u00e1ly sa stratili, no ich preklady sa zachovali vo fragmentoch:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>\u0160\u00e1buhrag\u00e1n (Shabuhragan):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nManiho jedin\u00e9 dielo nap\u00edsan\u00e9 v stredoperz\u0161tine, ktor\u00e9 venoval perzsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1\u013eovi \u0160\u00e1p\u00farovi I., aby mu predstavil svoje u\u010denie. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 a rozsiahle \u010dasti tejto knihy sa na\u0161li za\u010diatkom 20. storo\u010dia v \u010d\u00ednskej o\u00e1ze <strong>Turf\u00e1n<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kniha obrov (The Book of Giants):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nDielo in\u0161pirovan\u00e9 \u017eidovskou apokryfnou Knihou Enochovou. Hovor\u00ed o padl\u00fdch anjeloch (obroch) a ich boji. Fragmenty tohto diela sa na\u0161li v stredoperz\u0161tine, sogdij\u010dine a ujgur\u010dine v Turf\u00e1ne, no aj medzi zvitkami od M\u0155tveho mora v aramej\u010dine.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>\u017div\u00e9 evanjelium (The Living Gospel):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nManiho hlavn\u00e1 teologick\u00e1 kniha, ktorej kapitoly boli usporiadan\u00e9 pod\u013ea s\u00fdrskej abecedy. Zachovali sa z nej len drobn\u00e9 fragmenty a cit\u00e1cie v neskor\u0161\u00edch dielach.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Listy (Epistulae):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nManiho listy r\u00f4znym komunit\u00e1m, v ktor\u00fdch rie\u0161il vierou\u010dn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. \u010casti listov sa zachovali v koptsk\u00fdch prekladoch z Egypta a v stredo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdch zlomkoch.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ar\u017eang (Kniha obrazov):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nMani bol aj maliar a vytvoril knihu kresieb, ktor\u00e1 ilustrovala jeho zlo\u017eit\u00fa kozmol\u00f3giu pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed nevedeli \u010d\u00edta\u0165. Samotn\u00e1 kniha sa nezachovala, no jej podrobn\u00e9 opisy a vplyv na manichejsk\u00e9 umenie \u00e1zijsk\u00fdch k\u00f3dexov s\u00fa dolo\u017een\u00e9.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-ve-k-k-dexy-zap-san-maniho-iakmi-kompletn-knihy-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Velke_kodexy_zapisane_Maniho_ziakmi_Kompletne_knihy\"><\/span>2. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 k\u00f3dexy zap\u00edsan\u00e9 Maniho \u017eiakmi (Kompletn\u00e9 knihy)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>U\u010den\u00edci zaznamen\u00e1vali Maniho \u00fastne predn\u00e1\u0161ky, rozhovory a spomienky na neho. V\u010faka n\u00e1lezu v koptskom <strong>Med\u00ednat M\u00e1d\u00ed<\/strong> (Egypt, 1929) sa zachovali tri obrovsk\u00e9 knihy:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kephalaia (Kapitoly):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nRozsiahla kniha, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje Maniho rozhovory so svojimi \u017eiakmi. Je p\u00edsan\u00e1 formou ot\u00e1zok a odpoved\u00ed a detailne vysvet\u013euje manichejsk\u00fa dogmatiku, etiku a kozmol\u00f3giu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Manichejsk\u00e1 kniha \u017ealmov (Manichaeian Psalm Book):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nZbierka stoviek n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch hymien a b\u00e1sn\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 spievali Vyvolen\u00ed aj Nasluch\u00e1\u010di po\u010das ritu\u00e1lov. Obsahuje napr\u00edklad <em>Tom\u00e1\u0161ove \u017ealmy<\/em> alebo <em>\u017dalmy p\u00fatnikov<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kniha hom\u00edli\u00ed (Homilies):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nObsahuje k\u00e1zne Maniho prv\u00fdch nasledovn\u00edkov. Poskytuje historicky cenn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o Maniho zatknut\u00ed, mu\u010den\u00ed, jeho smrti vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed a o prenasledovan\u00ed prv\u00fdch manichejcov v Perzskej r\u00ed\u0161i.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"3-kol-nsky-maniho-k-dex-codex-manichaicus-coloniensis-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Kolinsky_Maniho_kodex_Codex_Manichaicus_Coloniensis\"><\/span>3. Kol\u00ednsky Maniho k\u00f3dex (Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Tento unik\u00e1tny gr\u00e9cky pergamenov\u00fd k\u00f3dex, objaven\u00fd v roku 1969 v Egypte (dnes ulo\u017een\u00fd v Kol\u00edne nad R\u00fdnom), poch\u00e1dza z 5. storo\u010dia. Je to najmen\u0161ia zachovan\u00e1 starovek\u00e1 kniha (rozmery len 4,5 x 3,5 cm).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Obsah:<\/strong> Opisuje Maniho detstvo a mlados\u0165, ktor\u00e9 str\u00e1vil v pr\u00edsnej krstite\u013eskej sekte elkesaitov (\u017eidovsko-kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch gnostikov). Kniha hovor\u00ed o jeho sporoch s touto komunitou oh\u013eadom ritu\u00e1lnej \u010distoty a o jeho prv\u00fdch dvoch bo\u017esk\u00fdch zjaveniach (od jeho nebesk\u00e9ho dvoj\u010da\u0165a &#8211; <em>Syzyga<\/em>), ktor\u00e9 ho viedli k zalo\u017eeniu vlastnej cirkvi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"4-nske-manichejsk-spisy-rukopisy-z-tun-chuangu-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Cinske_manichejske_spisy_Rukopisy_z_Tun-chuangu\"><\/span>4. \u010c\u00ednske manichejsk\u00e9 spisy (Rukopisy z Tun-chuangu)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Koncom 19. a za\u010diatkom 20. storo\u010dia boli v jaskyniach v \u010d\u00ednskom Tun-chuangu (Dunhuang) objaven\u00e9 manichejsk\u00e9 spisy nap\u00edsan\u00e9 v \u010d\u00edn\u0161tine (ke\u010f\u017ee manicheizmus bol ist\u00fd \u010das \u0161t\u00e1tnym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom Ujgurskej r\u00ed\u0161e):<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Maniho kompendium (Compendium of the Doctrines and Rules of Mani):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nSpis z 8. storo\u010dia, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017eil ako ofici\u00e1lna pr\u00edru\u010dka pre \u010d\u00ednske \u00farady. Vysvet\u013euje \u0161trukt\u00faru manichejskej cirkvi, pravidl\u00e1 pre mn\u00edchov (Vyvolen\u00fdch), organiz\u00e1ciu kl\u00e1\u0161torov a z\u00e1klady u\u010denia.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Hymnick\u00fd zvitok (The Manichaean Hymnscroll):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nObsahuje pribli\u017ene 30 \u010d\u00ednskych hymien venovan\u00fdch Manimu a r\u00ed\u0161i Svetla, pri\u010dom terminol\u00f3gia je prisp\u00f4soben\u00e1 budhistick\u00e9mu prostrediu (Mani je tu \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako <em>Budha Svetla<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kniha modlitieb a vyznan\u00ed (Xuastvanift):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nText ur\u010den\u00fd pre Nasluch\u00e1\u010dov (laikov). Obsahuje podrobn\u00e9 vyznanie hriechov, ktor\u00e9 museli Nasluch\u00e1\u010di recitova\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd pondelok, aby sa o\u010distili od hriechov sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch be\u017en\u00fdm \u017eivotom a pr\u00e1cou.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>V\u010faka t\u00fdmto n\u00e1lezom maj\u00fa historici k dispoz\u00edcii obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo priamych teologick\u00fdch, historick\u00fdch a liturgick\u00fdch prame\u0148ov, ktor\u00e9 poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa priamo z pera samotn\u00e9ho zakladate\u013ea Maniho a jeho komunity.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_sa_davali_manichejci_a_ine_odnoze_gnostikov_vnimali_filozoficky_princip_dobra_a_zla\"><\/span>Ako sa d\u00e1vali manichejci a in\u00e9 odno\u017ee gnostikov vn\u00edmali filozofick\u00fd princ\u00edp dobra a zla?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Hoci manichejci aj in\u00e9 gnostick\u00e9 pr\u00fady zdie\u013eali z\u00e1kladn\u00fa my\u0161lienku, \u017ee <strong>duch (svetlo) je dobr\u00fd<\/strong> a <strong>hmota (telo\/temnota) je zl\u00e1<\/strong>, v poh\u013eade na filozofick\u00fd p\u00f4vod a povahu tohto rozdelenia sa z\u00e1sadne rozch\u00e1dzali.<\/p>\r\n<p>V dejin\u00e1ch filozofie a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva hovor\u00edme o dvoch odli\u0161n\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch: <strong>radik\u00e1lnom (absol\u00fatnom) dualizme<\/strong> manichejcov a <strong>emana\u010dnom (zmiernenom) dualizme<\/strong> v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny gnostick\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-manichejci-radik-lny-absol-tny-dualizmus\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Manichejci_Radikalny_absolutny_dualizmus\"><\/span>1. Manichejci: Radik\u00e1lny (absol\u00fatny) dualizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Maniho filozofick\u00fd syst\u00e9m staval na my\u0161lienke, \u017ee Dobro a Zlo s\u00fa <strong>dva rovnocenn\u00e9, nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 a ve\u010dn\u00e9 princ\u00edpy<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 existovali od sam\u00e9ho za\u010diatku vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Dve ve\u010dn\u00e9 r\u00ed\u0161e:<\/strong> Na za\u010diatku existovala r\u00ed\u0161a Svetla (Dobro, veden\u00e9 Otcom ve\u013ekosti) a r\u00ed\u0161a Temnoty (Zlo, veden\u00e9 Vl\u00e1dcom temnoty). Tieto dve r\u00ed\u0161e boli \u00faplne oddelen\u00e9 a Zlo nevzniklo z Dobra.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Akt\u00edvna povaha Zla:<\/strong> Pre manichejcov nebolo Zlo len \u201enedostatkom dobra\u201c. Bolo to re\u00e1lne, fyzick\u00e9, hmatate\u013en\u00e9 a vedom\u00e9 bytie. Hmota, telo, tma a de\u0161trukt\u00edvne pudy boli priamym prejavom substancie Temnoty.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kozmick\u00e9 pomie\u0161anie:<\/strong> S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd svet vznikol a\u017e vtedy, ke\u010f r\u00ed\u0161a Temnoty za\u00fato\u010dila na r\u00ed\u0161u Svetla. V tejto kozmickej vojne sa \u010diasto\u010dky bo\u017esk\u00e9ho Svetla pomie\u0161ali s hmotou Temnoty.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cesta k Dobru:<\/strong> Dobro v tomto syst\u00e9me znamen\u00e1 <strong>fyzick\u00e9 oddelenie<\/strong>. Sp\u00e1sa spo\u010d\u00edva v postupnom uvo\u013e\u0148ovan\u00ed svetla z hmoty (asketick\u00fdm \u017eivotom a veg\u00e1nskou stravou Vyvolen\u00fdch) a\u017e do momentu, kedy sa na konci vekov Svetlo a Temnota op\u00e4\u0165 nav\u017edy rozdelia do dvoch izolovan\u00fdch r\u00ed\u0161.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-gnostici-emana-n-zmiernen-dualizmus\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Gnostici_Emanacny_zmierneny_dualizmus\"><\/span>2. Gnostici: Emana\u010dn\u00fd (zmiernen\u00fd) dualizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina klasick\u00fdch gnostick\u00fdch smerov (ako boli valent\u00ednovci alebo setovci) odmietala my\u0161lienku, \u017ee Zlo je rovnako ve\u010dn\u00e9 a mocn\u00e9 ako Dobro. Ich syst\u00e9m bol v z\u00e1klade <strong>monistick\u00fd<\/strong>, pri\u010dom dualizmus vznikol a\u017e nesk\u00f4r v d\u00f4sledku tragickej chyby.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Jeden dokonal\u00fd Boh:<\/strong> Na za\u010diatku existoval iba jeden transcendentn\u00fd, nepoznate\u013en\u00fd a absol\u00fatne dobr\u00fd Boh (Mon\u00e1da \/ Prvotn\u00fd Otec), ktor\u00fd preb\u00fdval v duchovnej r\u00ed\u0161i plnej svetla \u2013 v <strong>Pl\u00e9r\u00f3me<\/strong> (plnosti).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Eman\u00e1cie a p\u00e1d zvn\u00fatra:<\/strong> Boh zo seba vy\u017earoval (emanoval) \u010fal\u0161ie duchovn\u00e9 bytosti (tzv. e\u00f3ny). Zlo nevzniklo zvonku, ale ako <strong>chyba priamo vn\u00fatri tejto duchovnej r\u00ed\u0161e<\/strong>. Najmlad\u0161\u00ed e\u00f3n \u2013 <strong>Sofia (M\u00fadros\u0165)<\/strong> \u2013 sa pok\u00fasila pochopi\u0165 nepoznate\u013en\u00e9ho Boha bez svojho duchovn\u00e9ho partnera. Tento sebeck\u00fd \u010din naru\u0161il harm\u00f3niu Pl\u00e9r\u00f3my a Sofia splodila nedokonal\u00e9, mon\u0161tru\u00f3zne stvorenie: <strong>Jaldaba\u00f3tha (Demiurga)<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Hmotn\u00fd svet ako omyl:<\/strong> Demiurg (vl\u00e1da hmoty, stoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00fd so staroz\u00e1konn\u00fdm Bohom) bol zaslepen\u00fd, nevedel o existencii vy\u0161\u0161ej duchovnej r\u00ed\u0161e a z p\u00fdchy stvoril hmotn\u00fd svet (vesm\u00edr, Zem a \u013eudsk\u00e9 tel\u00e1). Do t\u00fdchto tiel v\u0161ak nevedomky vd\u00fdchol bo\u017esk\u00fa iskru Svetla, ktor\u00fa zdedil po svojej matke Sofii.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Povaha Zla (Ignorancia):<\/strong> Pre gnostikov nie je hmota a Zlo ve\u010dnou substanciou. <strong>Zlo je v podstate nevedomos\u0165, ignorancia a il\u00fazia<\/strong>. Hmota je len nedokonalou, zdeformovanou napodobneninou skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho duchovn\u00e9ho sveta.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cesta k Dobru (Gn\u00f3za):<\/strong> Ke\u010f\u017ee zlo je nevedomos\u0165, sp\u00e1sa neprebieha mechanick\u00fdm odde\u013eovan\u00edm svetla od tmy (ako u manichejcov), ale <strong>duchovn\u00fdm prebuden\u00edm (gn\u00f3zou)<\/strong>. \u010clovek sa zachr\u00e1ni vtedy, ke\u010f spozn\u00e1 pravdu o svojom bo\u017eskom p\u00f4vode, uvedom\u00ed si, \u017ee hmotn\u00fd svet je len v\u00e4zenie, a po smrti sa jeho osloboden\u00e1 du\u0161a vr\u00e1ti sp\u00e4\u0165 do Pl\u00e9r\u00f3my.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"porovn-vacia-tabu-ka-dobro-a-zlo\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Porovnavacia_tabulka_Dobro_a_Zlo\"><\/span>Porovn\u00e1vacia tabu\u013eka: Dobro a Zlo<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Filozofick\u00fd aspekt<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Manichejci<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Gnostici<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>P\u00f4vod Zla<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ve\u010dn\u00fd. Zlo existovalo v\u017edy popri Dobre ako samostatn\u00fd princ\u00edp.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Druhotn\u00fd. Zlo vzniklo ako tragick\u00e1 chyba\/p\u00e1d vn\u00fatri duchovnej r\u00ed\u0161e Pl\u00e9r\u00f3my.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Podstata hmoty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Fyzick\u00e1 substancia r\u00ed\u0161e Temnoty.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Nedokonal\u00e1 napodobenina, omyl stvoren\u00fd slep\u00fdm Demiurgom.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Defin\u00edcia Zla<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Akt\u00edvna, fyzick\u00e1 sila a hmota.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Nevedomos\u0165, il\u00fazia a odrezanie od prav\u00e9ho Boha.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Sp\u00f4sob sp\u00e1sy<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Fyzick\u00e1 ask\u00e9za, pr\u00edsna di\u00e9ta a ritu\u00e1lne odde\u013eovanie svetla od tmy.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Intelektu\u00e1lne a mystick\u00e9 prebudenie (gn\u00f3za) \u2013 poznanie svojej bo\u017eskej podstaty.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Obe hnutia sa zhodovali v tom, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd pozemsk\u00fd \u017eivot a \u013eudsk\u00e9 telo s\u00fa v\u00e4zen\u00edm pre du\u0161u, no zatia\u013e \u010do manichejci videli svet ako bojisko dvoch ve\u010dn\u00fdch kozmick\u00fdch arm\u00e1d, gnostici ho vn\u00edmali sk\u00f4r ako \u017ealostn\u00fd omyl a il\u00faziu, z ktorej sa treba prebudi\u0165 pomocou poznania.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_vyzerala_organizacna_struktura_manichejcov\"><\/span>Ako vyzerala organiza\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara manichejcov?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Mani nebol len prorok a teol\u00f3g, ale aj mimoriadne nadan\u00fd organiz\u00e1tor. Na rozdiel od in\u00fdch gnostick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 fungovali sk\u00f4r ako vo\u013en\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 kr\u00fa\u017eky bez jasn\u00e9ho vedenia, Mani zalo\u017eil pevn\u00fa, centralizovan\u00fa a vysoko hierarchick\u00fa cirkev.<\/p>\r\n<p>Organiza\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara manichejcov mala tvar pyram\u00eddy a delila sa na <strong>p\u00e4\u0165 jasne definovan\u00fdch stup\u0148ov (hodnost\u00ed)<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"pyram-da-manichejskej-hierarchie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pyramida_manichejskej_hierarchie\"><\/span>Pyram\u00edda manichejskej hierarchie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<h4 id=\"1-archegos-najvy-vodca-princ-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Archegos_Najvyssi_vodca_Princ\"><\/span>1. Archegos (Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodca \/ Princ)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Na samom vrchole cirkvi st\u00e1l jeden najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed duchovn\u00fd vodca \u2013 <strong>Archegos<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Bol pova\u017eovan\u00fd za pozemsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupcu proroka Maniho.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Prv\u00ed vodcovia s\u00eddlili v s\u00fdrskom Kt\u00e9sif\u00f3ne (bl\u00edzko dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Bagdadu), no po vln\u00e1ch prenasledovania sa centrum presunulo na v\u00fdchod, najm\u00e4 do Samarkandu v Strednej \u00c1zii.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"2-12-u-ite-ov-apo-toli-magistri-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_12_Ucitelov_Apostoli_magistri\"><\/span>2. 12 U\u010dite\u013eov (Apo\u0161toli \/ <em>magistri<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Priamo pod vodcom sl\u00fa\u017eilo dvan\u00e1s\u0165 <strong>U\u010dite\u013eov<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Ich po\u010det priamo odkazoval na 12 apo\u0161tolov Je\u017ei\u0161a Krista.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Mali na starosti celosvetov\u00fa misijn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165, preklady posv\u00e4tn\u00fdch textov do miestnych jazykov a ochranu dogmatickej \u010distoty u\u010denia.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"3-72-biskupov-episcopi-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_72_Biskupov_episcopi\"><\/span>3. 72 Biskupov (<em>episcopi<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Tret\u00ed stupe\u0148 tvorilo sedemdesiatdva <strong>Biskupov<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Tento po\u010det odkazoval na 72 u\u010den\u00edkov, ktor\u00fdch pod\u013ea biblickej trad\u00edcie vyslal Je\u017ei\u0161 \u0161\u00edri\u0165 vieru.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd biskup mal na starosti spr\u00e1vu ur\u010dit\u00e9ho regi\u00f3nu, provincie alebo misijn\u00e9ho \u00fazemia.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"4-360-star-ch-presbyteri-k-azi-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_360_Starsich_Presbyteri_Knazi\"><\/span>4. 360 Star\u0161\u00edch (Presbyteri \/ K\u0148azi)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>\u0160tvrt\u00fd hierarchick\u00fd stupe\u0148 tvorilo 360 <strong>Star\u0161\u00edch<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Tento po\u010det kore\u0161pondoval s babylonsk\u00fdm sol\u00e1rnym kalend\u00e1rom (360 dn\u00ed).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Boli to lok\u00e1lni spr\u00e1vcovia komunitn\u00fdch domov, ktor\u00ed priamo dozerali na miestne komunity Vyvolen\u00fdch a Nasluch\u00e1\u010dov.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"5-vyvolen-electi-mn-si-a-mn-ky-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Vyvoleni_electi_%E2%80%93_mnisi_a_mnisky\"><\/span>5. Vyvolen\u00ed (<em>electi<\/em> \u2013 mn\u00edsi a mn\u00ed\u0161ky)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Piatu, naj\u0161ir\u0161iu vrstvu duchovnej elity tvorili radov\u00ed <strong>Vyvolen\u00ed<\/strong> (mu\u017ei aj \u017eeny).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>I\u0161lo o plnohodnotn\u00fdch \u201emn\u00edchov\u201c, ktor\u00ed zlo\u017eili pr\u00edsne asketick\u00e9 s\u013euby (tzv. tri pe\u010date \u2013 bez\u017eenstvo, z\u00e1kaz pr\u00e1ce, vegetari\u00e1nstvo).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ich \u00falohou bolo prepisovanie kn\u00edh, spev hymien, modlitby a ritu\u00e1lne oslobodzovanie Svetla z potravy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"z-klad-a-pyram-dy-nasluch-i-auditores-laici-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zakladna_pyramidy_Nasluchaci_auditores_%E2%80%93_laici\"><\/span>Z\u00e1klad\u0148a pyram\u00eddy: Nasluch\u00e1\u010di (<em>auditores<\/em> \u2013 laici)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Hoci form\u00e1lna hierarchia koncila Vyvolen\u00fdmi, cirkev by nemohla fungova\u0165 bez obrovskej masy laikov \u2013 <strong>Nasluch\u00e1\u010dov<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Nasluch\u00e1\u010di neboli viazan\u00ed pr\u00edsnou ask\u00e9zou, pracovali a starali sa o materi\u00e1lne pre\u017eitie Vyvolen\u00fdch. Z h\u013eadiska organiz\u00e1cie mali Nasluch\u00e1\u010di svojich vlastn\u00fdch pred\u00e1kov (napr. <em>hlavn\u00fd nasluch\u00e1\u010d<\/em>), ktor\u00ed koordinovali zber milodarov a pr\u00edpravu jed\u00e1l pre lok\u00e1lne kl\u00e1\u0161torn\u00e9 komunity.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"-pecifick-rty-manichejskej-organiz-cie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Specificke_crty_manichejskej_organizacie\"><\/span>\u0160pecifick\u00e9 \u010drty manichejskej organiz\u00e1cie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ritu\u00e1lna absencia l\u00eddra (Sviatok Bema):<\/strong><br \/>\r\nNajv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm manichejsk\u00fdm sviatkom bol <em>Bema<\/em> (oslavovan\u00fd na jar). Po\u010das tohto d\u0148a st\u00e1la uprostred chr\u00e1mu <strong>p\u00e4\u0165stup\u0148ov\u00e1 trib\u00fana s pr\u00e1zdnym tr\u00f3nom<\/strong> na samom vrchole. P\u00e4\u0165 stup\u0148ov symbolizovalo 5 hodnost\u00ed cirkvi a pr\u00e1zdny tr\u00f3n symbolizoval samotn\u00e9ho zakladate\u013ea Maniho, ktor\u00fd s\u00edce fyzicky zomrel, no duchovne bol st\u00e1le pr\u00edtomn\u00fd ako najvy\u0161\u0161ia hlava organiz\u00e1cie.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mas\u00edvna misijn\u00e1 orient\u00e1cia:<\/strong><br \/>\r\nNa rozdiel od tajnostk\u00e1rskych gnostikov, manichejci mali dokonale prepracovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m misijn\u00fdch ciest. Ich kl\u00e1\u0161tory fungovali ako prekladate\u013esk\u00e9 a pis\u00e1rske dielne (skript\u00f3ri\u00e1), odkia\u013e vysielali mision\u00e1rov s knihami do v\u0161etk\u00fdch k\u00fatov sveta.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>V\u010faka tejto prepracovanej \u0161trukt\u00fare, pr\u00edsnej discipl\u00edne mn\u00edchov a podpore vern\u00fdch laikov dok\u00e1zala manichejsk\u00e1 cirkev pre\u017ei\u0165 vy\u0161e tis\u00edc rokov v mimoriadne nepriate\u013esk\u00fdch podmienkach \u2013 od krut\u00e9ho prenasledovania v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i a\u017e po \u010distky v \u010c\u00edne.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_vyzeral_kazdodenny_manichejcov_Povedz_nejake_zaujimavosti_Ci_sa_riadili_Mali_nejake_nabozenske_ritualy\"><\/span>Ako vyzeral ka\u017edodenn\u00fd manichejcov? Povedz nejak\u00e9 zauj\u00edmavosti. \u010c\u00ed sa riadili? Mali nejak\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Ka\u017edodenn\u00fd \u017eivot manichejcov bol fascinuj\u00faci a v dejin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev nem\u00e1 obdobu. Ich dni boli presne nalinkovan\u00e9 a ritu\u00e1ly boli \u00fazko prepojen\u00e9 s ich kozmologickou predstavou o z\u00e1chrane svetla z paz\u00farov hmoty.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u017divot sa v\u0161ak dramaticky l\u00ed\u0161il pod\u013ea toho, \u010di bol \u010dlovek pr\u00edsnym mn\u00edchom (<strong>Vyvolen\u00fdm<\/strong>) alebo radov\u00fdm laikom (<strong>Nasluch\u00e1\u010dom<\/strong>).<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"ako-vyzeral-ich-be-n-de-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_vyzeral_ich_bezny_den\"><\/span>Ako vyzeral ich be\u017en\u00fd de\u0148?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<h4 id=\"a-de-vyvolen-ho-asketick-mn-ch-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Den_Vyvoleneho_Asketicky_mnich\"><\/span>A. De\u0148 Vyvolen\u00e9ho (Asketick\u00fd mn\u00edch)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Vyvolen\u00ed nevlastnili ni\u010d okrem jedn\u00e9ho kusu odevu (zvy\u010dajne bieleho), nemali trval\u00fd domov a \u010dasto putovali z miesta na miesto. Ich de\u0148 pozost\u00e1val zo \u0161tyroch \u010dinnost\u00ed:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Modlitba:<\/strong> Vyvolen\u00ed sa modlili <strong>7-kr\u00e1t denne<\/strong>. Modlitby boli spojen\u00e9 s pr\u00edsnymi telesn\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1lmi (kl\u00e1\u0148an\u00edm sa). Pri modlitbe sa v\u017edy ot\u00e1\u010dali smerom k Slnku (cez de\u0148) alebo k Mesiacu (v noci), preto\u017ee nebesk\u00e9 teles\u00e1 vn\u00edmali ako obrovsk\u00e9 \u010dist\u00e9 n\u00e1doby svetla a br\u00e1ny do neba. Ak nesvietilo ani jedno, ot\u00e1\u010dali sa na sever.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prepisovanie a ma\u013eovanie kn\u00edh:<\/strong> Ke\u010f\u017ee Mani kl\u00e1dol d\u00f4raz na zachovanie textov, Vyvolen\u00ed tr\u00e1vili hodiny mas\u00edvnym a umeleck\u00fdm kop\u00edrovan\u00edm kn\u00edh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Spievanie hymien:<\/strong> Manichejci milovali hudbu. Ich komunitn\u00e9 domy sa oz\u00fdvali spevom zlo\u017eit\u00fdch koptsk\u00fdch \u010di perzsk\u00fdch \u017ealmov.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>P\u00f4st:<\/strong> Vyvolen\u00ed sa postili minim\u00e1lne <strong>dva dni v t\u00fd\u017edni<\/strong> (v nede\u013eu a v pondelok) a mali tie\u017e jeden mesiac v roku vyhraden\u00fd na pr\u00edsny p\u00f4st (podobne ako kres\u0165ansk\u00fd p\u00f4st alebo moslimsk\u00fd Ramad\u00e1n).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4 id=\"b-de-nasluch-a-be-n-laik-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Den_Nasluchaca_Bezny_laik\"><\/span>B. De\u0148 Nasluch\u00e1\u010da (Be\u017en\u00fd laik)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Nasluch\u00e1\u010di \u017eili norm\u00e1lnym \u017eivotom \u2013 pracovali, uzatv\u00e1rali man\u017eelstv\u00e1, pestovali plodiny a obchodovali. Ich de\u0148 mal dve hlavn\u00e9 povinnosti:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Modlitba:<\/strong> Modlili sa <strong>4-kr\u00e1t denne<\/strong> (tie\u017e oto\u010den\u00ed k Slnku\/Mesiacu).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ka\u017edodenn\u00e1 slu\u017eba (Almu\u017ena):<\/strong> Ich najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou \u00falohou bolo pripravi\u0165 a prinies\u0165 jedlo pre Vyvolen\u00fdch. Bez tejto slu\u017eby by mn\u00edsi zomreli od hladu, ke\u010f\u017ee sami nesmeli pracova\u0165.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 id=\"hlavn-denn-ritu-l-posv-tn-ve-era-kozmick-tr-venie-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hlavny_denny_ritual_Posvatna_vecera_%E2%80%9EKozmicke_travenie%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>Hlavn\u00fd denn\u00fd ritu\u00e1l: Posv\u00e4tn\u00e1 ve\u010dera (\u201eKozmick\u00e9 tr\u00e1venie\u201c)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm ritu\u00e1lom d\u0148a bolo <strong>spolo\u010dn\u00e9 ve\u010dern\u00e9 stolovanie<\/strong>. Prebiehalo ka\u017ed\u00e9 popoludnie a pre manichejcov malo status posv\u00e4tnej om\u0161e:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Pr\u00edprava:<\/strong> Nasluch\u00e1\u010d natrhal ovocie a zeleninu a pripravil jedlo. T\u00fdm sp\u00e1chal \u201ehriech\u201c po\u0161kodenia svetla v rastlin\u00e1ch.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Odovzdanie:<\/strong> Jedlo priniesol do komunitn\u00e9ho domu Vyvolen\u00fdch.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ospravedlnenie:<\/strong> Predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e Vyvolen\u00fd za\u010dal jes\u0165, polo\u017eil ruku na jedlo a nahlas (alebo v duchu) sa ospravedlnil rastline. Hovoril napr\u00edklad: <em>\u201eJa som \u0165a nepo\u017eal, ani som \u0165a nepomlel, ani som \u0165a nevlo\u017eil do pece. To urobil in\u00fd a priniesol mi \u0165a. Ja som bez viny.\u201c<\/em> Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa modlil za odpustenie hriechov pre Nasluch\u00e1\u010da, ktor\u00fd mu jedlo priniesol.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Uvo\u013enenie svetla:<\/strong> Ke\u010f Vyvolen\u00fd jedlo zjedol, veril, \u017ee jeho sv\u00e4t\u00e9, \u010dist\u00e9 telo funguje ako <strong>prirodzen\u00e1 tov\u00e1re\u0148 na sp\u00e1su<\/strong>. Po\u010das tr\u00e1venia sa \u010diasto\u010dky bo\u017esk\u00e9ho Svetla z jedla uvo\u013enili a prostredn\u00edctvom dychu a modlitieb Vyvolen\u00e9ho vyst\u00fapili sp\u00e4\u0165 k Slnku a Mesiacu.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 id=\"t-denn-ritu-l-pondelkov-spove-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tyzdenny_ritual_Pondelkova_spoved\"><\/span>T\u00fd\u017edenn\u00fd ritu\u00e1l: Pondelkov\u00e1 spove\u010f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd pondelok sa konala spolo\u010dn\u00e1 spove\u010f.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Vyvolen\u00ed sa spovedali navz\u00e1jom zo svojich asketick\u00fdch prehre\u0161kov.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Nasluch\u00e1\u010di prich\u00e1dzali pred Vyvolen\u00fdch, k\u013eakali si a recitovali predp\u00edsan\u00fa modlitbu <strong>Xuastvanift<\/strong>. Vyzn\u00e1vali v nej hriechy ako: <em>\u201eAk som nechtiac prist\u00fapil \u010derva, ak som odtrhol list, ak som pochyboval o prorokovi Manim&#8230;\u201c<\/em> Vyvolen\u00ed im n\u00e1sledne udelili rozhre\u0161enie.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"zauj-mavosti-zo-ivota-manichejcov\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zaujimavosti_zo_zivota_manichejcov\"><\/span>Zauj\u00edmavosti zo \u017eivota manichejcov<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<h4 id=\"-mel-nov-posadnutos-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%F0%9F%8D%89_%E2%80%9EMelonova_posadnutost%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>\ud83c\udf49 \u201eMel\u00f3nov\u00e1 posadnutos\u0165\u201c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Manichejsk\u00ed Vyvolen\u00ed uprednost\u0148ovali ve\u013emi \u0161pecifick\u00e9 potraviny. Najrad\u0161ej jedli <strong>mel\u00f3ny, uhorky, hrozno a f\u00edgy<\/strong>. Pre\u010do? V\u0161imli si, \u017ee mel\u00f3ny a uhorky s\u00fa svetl\u00e9, pln\u00e9 vody a na slnku takmer \u201e\u017eiaria\u201c. Verili, \u017ee tieto plodiny v sebe obsahuj\u00fa <strong>najvy\u0161\u0161iu koncentr\u00e1ciu bo\u017esk\u00e9ho Svetla<\/strong> zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch rastl\u00edn na Zemi. Jedenie mel\u00f3nov tak bolo pre mn\u00edchov priamym posv\u00e4tn\u00fdm \u00fakonom sp\u00e1sy.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"-ospravedl-ovanie-sa-pr-rode\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%F0%9F%8C%B1_Ospravedlnovanie_sa_prirode\"><\/span>\ud83c\udf31 Ospravedl\u0148ovanie sa pr\u00edrode<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Ak Vyvolen\u00fd kr\u00e1\u010dal po ceste a nechtiac st\u00fapil na tr\u00e1vu alebo odtrhol list zo stromu, pova\u017eovalo sa to za hriech. Verili, \u017ee rastliny c\u00edtia boles\u0165 a pri po\u0161koden\u00ed \u201epla\u010d\u00fa\u201c. Ak museli prejs\u0165 cez hust\u00fa tr\u00e1vu, modlili sa k nej a prosili ju o odpustenie.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"-z-kaz-k-pania-vo-vode-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%F0%9F%9B%81_Zakaz_kupania_vo_vode\"><\/span>\ud83d\udec1 Z\u00e1kaz k\u00fapania vo vode?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Niektor\u00e9 radik\u00e1lne vetvy mn\u00edchov odmietali klasick\u00e9 k\u00fapanie sa v riekach. Vodu toti\u017e vn\u00edmali ako \u010dist\u00fd bo\u017esk\u00fd element r\u00ed\u0161e Svetla. Verili, \u017ee \u0161liapanie do vody a um\u00fdvanie sa v nej ju zne\u010dis\u0165uje a \u201ezra\u0148uje\u201c. Rad\u0161ej sa utierali len vlhk\u00fdmi \u0161atkami.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"-sviatok-bema-a-pr-zdny-tr-n\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%F0%9F%AA%91_Sviatok_Bema_a_prazdny_tron\"><\/span>\ud83e\ude91 Sviatok Bema a pr\u00e1zdny tr\u00f3n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Po\u010das ich najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho sviatku <em>Bema<\/em> (ktor\u00fdm si pripom\u00ednali Maniho smr\u0165) postavili v chr\u00e1me ve\u013ek\u00e9 p\u00e4\u0165stup\u0148ov\u00e9 p\u00f3dium a na jeho vrchol polo\u017eili <strong>pr\u00e1zdny, bohato zdoben\u00fd tr\u00f3n<\/strong>. Verili, \u017ee Mani je na sviatku pr\u00edtomn\u00fd duchovne a tr\u00f3n patr\u00ed jemu. Na tr\u00f3n kl\u00e1dli jeho posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 knihy a spievali mu piesne.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hovorili_si_manichejci_manichejci_alebo_je_to_len_pejorativne_pomenovanie_ich_kritikov\"><\/span>Hovorili si manichejci manichejci, alebo je to len pejorat\u00edvne pomenovanie ich kritikov?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Pomenovanie <strong>\u201emanichejci\u201c<\/strong> (odvoden\u00e9 priamo od mena zakladate\u013ea Maniho) <strong>samotn\u00ed pr\u00edvr\u017eenci tohto hnutia ako vlastn\u00e9 ozna\u010denie nepou\u017e\u00edvali<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Pre nich to bol v podstate extern\u00fd, sekt\u00e1rsky a \u010dasto pejorat\u00edvny (hanliv\u00fd) \u0161t\u00edtok, ktor\u00fd na nich lepili ich kres\u0165ansk\u00ed a r\u00edmski kritici.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"pre-o-bolo-ozna-enie-manichejci-vn-man-negat-vne-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preco_bolo_oznacenie_%E2%80%9Emanichejci%E2%80%9C_vnimane_negativne\"><\/span>Pre\u010do bolo ozna\u010denie \u201emanichejci\u201c vn\u00edman\u00e9 negat\u00edvne?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Ranokres\u0165ansk\u00ed cirkevn\u00ed otcovia (vr\u00e1tane sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho August\u00edna) pou\u017e\u00edvali term\u00edn \u201emanichejci\u201c cielene s cie\u013eom <strong>uprie\u0165 im pr\u00e1vo naz\u00fdva\u0165 sa kres\u0165anmi<\/strong>. Ozna\u010den\u00edm za \u201emanichejcov\u201c chceli verejnosti uk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee t\u00e1to skupina nenasleduje Je\u017ei\u0161a Krista, ale len oby\u010dajn\u00e9ho perzsk\u00e9ho heretika (Maniho).<\/p>\r\n<p>Nesk\u00f4r sa v r\u00edmskom pr\u00e1ve (napr. v Justini\u00e1novom k\u00f3dexe) pojem \u201emanichejec\u201c stal ofici\u00e1lnym pr\u00e1vnym term\u00ednom pre naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161ieho kac\u00edra, ktor\u00e9ho majetok mal by\u0165 skonfi\u0161kovan\u00fd a samotn\u00fd \u010dlovek vyhnan\u00fd alebo popraven\u00fd.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"ako-sa-teda-ozna-ovali-oni-sami-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_sa_teda_oznacovali_oni_sami\"><\/span>Ako sa teda ozna\u010dovali oni sami?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>V z\u00e1vislosti od regi\u00f3nu, v ktorom p\u00f4sobili, pou\u017e\u00edvali manichejci pre seba a svoju komunitu \u00faplne in\u00e9, vysoko duchovn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy:<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"1-prav-kres-ania\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Pravi_krestania\"><\/span>1. Prav\u00ed kres\u0165ania<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>V z\u00e1padnom svete (v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i, severnej Afrike a Eur\u00f3pe) sa manichejci <strong>pova\u017eovali za jedin\u00fdch skuto\u010dn\u00fdch kres\u0165anov<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Verili, \u017ee ich cirkev je t\u00e1 prav\u00e1, neporu\u0161en\u00e1 Kristova cirkev.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>S\u00e1m Mani sa na svojom pe\u010datidle a v listoch podpisoval ako <em>\u201eM\u00e1n\u00ed, apo\u0161tol Je\u017ei\u0161a Krista z v\u00f4le Boha Otca\u201c<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Katol\u00edkov dokonca pejorat\u00edvne ozna\u010dovali za \u201e\u017didov\u201c, preto\u017ee pod\u013ea nich nepochopili prav\u00e9 (duchovn\u00e9) posolstvo Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona a zbyto\u010dne uzn\u00e1vali Star\u00fd z\u00e1kon.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"2-cirkev-svetla-n-bo-enstvo-svetla\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Cirkev_Svetla_Nabozenstvo_Svetla\"><\/span>2. Cirkev Svetla \/ N\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Svetla<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Svoju n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa organiz\u00e1ciu ofici\u00e1lne naz\u00fdvali <strong>\u201eCirkev Svetla\u201c<\/strong> (v s\u00fdr\u010dine <em>kahna d-nuhra<\/em>) alebo <strong>\u201eN\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Svetla\u201c<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"3-deti-svetla-vyvolen-spravodliv-alebo-sv-t-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Deti_Svetla_Vyvoleni_Spravodlivi_alebo_Svati\"><\/span>3. Deti Svetla, Vyvolen\u00ed, Spravodliv\u00ed alebo Sv\u00e4t\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Jednotliv\u00ed \u010dlenovia komunity sa medzi sebou neoslovovali ako \u201emanichejci\u201c, ale pou\u017e\u00edvali bratsk\u00e9 oslovenia ako <strong>\u201edeti Svetla\u201c<\/strong>, <strong>\u201esynovia Svetla\u201c<\/strong>, <strong>\u201espravodliv\u00ed\u201c<\/strong> alebo <strong>\u201esv\u00e4t\u00ed\u201c<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"4-synovia-vdovy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Synovia_vdovy\"><\/span>4. Synovia vdovy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Ide o ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 historick\u00e9 sebaozna\u010denie, ktor\u00e9 vych\u00e1dza z manichejskej legendy. Pod\u013ea nej bol Mani adoptovan\u00fd bohatou perzskou vdovou, ktor\u00e1 mu po svojej smrti odk\u00e1zala posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 knihy a majetok. Maniho st\u00fapenci sa preto niekedy sami naz\u00fdvali <strong>\u201esynmi vdovy\u201c<\/strong>. (Tento pojem o mnoho storo\u010d\u00ed nesk\u00f4r prenikol aj do ritu\u00e1lov a symboliky slobodomur\u00e1rstva).<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"ako-to-bolo-na-v-chode-v-zii-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_to_bolo_na_Vychode_v_Azii\"><\/span>Ako to bolo na V\u00fdchode (v \u00c1zii)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Ke\u010f sa hnutie roz\u0161\u00edrilo po Hodv\u00e1bnej ceste do \u010c\u00edny, prisp\u00f4sobilo sa tamoj\u0161iemu budhistick\u00e9mu a taoistick\u00e9mu prostrediu. Sami seba a svoju vieru ozna\u010dovali ako <strong>Mo-ni-\u0165iao<\/strong> (Maniho u\u010denie) alebo <strong>\u201eN\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Svetla\u201c<\/strong> a samotn\u00e9ho Maniho uctievali pod titulom <strong>\u201eMani, Budha Svetla\u201c<\/strong> (<em>M\u00f3n\u00ed gu\u0101ng f\u00f3<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ake_ucenie_mali_gnostici_o_Demiurgovi_Jaldabaothovi_a_archontoch\"><\/span>Ak\u00e9 u\u010denie mali gnostici o Demiurgovi, Jaldabaothovi, a archontoch?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Gnostick\u00e9 u\u010denie o <strong>Demiurgovi, Jaldaba\u00f3thovi a archontoch<\/strong> patr\u00ed k najfascinuj\u00facej\u0161\u00edm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 najkontroverznej\u0161\u00edm \u010dastiam ich kozmol\u00f3gie. Na rozdiel od hlavn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu kres\u0165anstva gnostici tvrdili, \u017ee stvorenie hmotn\u00e9ho sveta nebolo aktom bo\u017eskej l\u00e1sky, ale v\u00fdsledkom <strong>tragickej kozmickej chyby, nevedomosti a p\u00fdchy<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>V tomto syst\u00e9me hraj\u00fa spom\u00ednan\u00e9 postavy k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu:<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-demiurg-zaslepen-tvorca-hmoty-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Demiurg_Zaslepeny_tvorca_hmoty\"><\/span>1. Demiurg (Zaslepen\u00fd tvorca hmoty)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Slovo <strong>Demiurg<\/strong> poch\u00e1dza z gr\u00e9ckeho <em>demiurgos<\/em> (remeseln\u00edk, stavite\u013e). V gnostickej filozofii to nie je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a skuto\u010dn\u00fd Boh, ale ni\u017e\u0161ia, nedokonal\u00e1 bo\u017esk\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 stvorila n\u00e1\u0161 hmotn\u00fd svet a na\u0161e fyzick\u00e9 tel\u00e1.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rozdiel od prav\u00e9ho Boha:<\/strong> Skuto\u010dn\u00fd Boh (ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako Mon\u00e1da, Prvotn\u00fd Otec alebo nepoznate\u013en\u00fd zdroj) preb\u00fdva v \u010disto duchovnej r\u00ed\u0161i svetla (<strong>Pl\u00e9r\u00f3me<\/strong>) a nem\u00e1 s hmotou ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Identifik\u00e1cia so Star\u00fdm z\u00e1konom:<\/strong> Gnostici stoto\u017e\u0148ovali Demiurga s Bohom Star\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona (Jahve \/ Elohim). Pas\u00e1\u017ee, kde staroz\u00e1konn\u00fd Boh hovor\u00ed: <em>\u201eJa som \u017eiarliv\u00fd Boh a niet in\u00e9ho Boha okrem m\u0148a\u201c<\/em>, gnostici interpretovali nie ako d\u00f4kaz jeho sily, ale ako <strong>d\u00f4kaz jeho nevedomosti a p\u00fdchy<\/strong> \u2013 Demiurg bol tak\u00fd zaslepen\u00fd, \u017ee netu\u0161il, \u017ee nad n\u00edm existuje ove\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, skuto\u010dn\u00fd duchovn\u00fd svet Pl\u00e9r\u00f3my.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-jaldaba-th-hlavn-meno-demiurga-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Jaldabaoth_Hlavne_meno_Demiurga\"><\/span>2. Jaldaba\u00f3th (Hlavn\u00e9 meno Demiurga)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>V mnoh\u00fdch gnostick\u00fdch spisoch (napr\u00edklad v <em>Tajnej knihe J\u00e1novej<\/em>) m\u00e1 Demiurg konkr\u00e9tne vlastn\u00e9 meno \u2013 <strong>Jaldaba\u00f3th<\/strong> (niekedy prekladan\u00e9 ako \u201eSyn chaosu\u201c). M\u00e1 v\u0161ak aj in\u00e9 men\u00e1: <strong>Samael<\/strong> (Slep\u00fd boh) a <strong>Saklas<\/strong> (Bl\u00e1zon).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>P\u00f4vod:<\/strong> Jaldaba\u00f3th vznikol bez v\u00f4le najvy\u0161\u0161ieho Boha. Splodil ho najmlad\u0161\u00ed e\u00f3n (duchovn\u00e1 bytos\u0165) Pl\u00e9r\u00f3my \u2013 <strong>Sofia (M\u00fadros\u0165)<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 sa pok\u00fasila tvori\u0165 samostatne, bez svojho mu\u017esk\u00e9ho protip\u00f3lu. Ke\u010f\u017ee i\u0161lo o naru\u0161enie bo\u017eskej harm\u00f3nie, jej syn Jaldaba\u00f3th sa narodil ako nedokonal\u00e1 anom\u00e1lia.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Podoba:<\/strong> Spisy ho opisuj\u00fa ako <strong>hada s levou hlavou<\/strong> (levtocefalus) a iskriacimi o\u010dami. Sofia sa za svoje zdeformovan\u00e9 die\u0165a hanbila, zahalila ho do oblaku temnoty a vyhodila ho mimo r\u00ed\u0161e Svetla. Tam Jaldaba\u00f3th v pr\u00e1zdnote a temnote stvoril n\u00e1\u0161 hmotn\u00fd vesm\u00edr, o ktorom si myslel, \u017ee je jedin\u00fd.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"3-archonti-kozmick-v-znitelia-du-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Archonti_Kozmicki_vaznitelia_dusi\"><\/span>3. Archonti (Kozmick\u00ed v\u00e4znitelia du\u0161\u00ed)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Slovo <strong>archonti<\/strong> poch\u00e1dza z gr\u00e9ckeho <em>archontes<\/em> (vl\u00e1dcovia \/ spr\u00e1vcovia). S\u00fa to pomocn\u00edci, d\u00e9monick\u00ed prisluhova\u010di a kozmick\u00ed administrat\u00edvni \u00faradn\u00edci, ktor\u00fdch stvoril Jaldaba\u00f3th, aby mu pom\u00e1hali vl\u00e1dnu\u0165 nad hmotn\u00fdm svetom.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Vl\u00e1dcovia 7 sf\u00e9r:<\/strong> V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina gnostick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov popisuje <strong>sedem hlavn\u00fdch archontov<\/strong>, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00fd vl\u00e1dne jednej zo siedmich vtedy zn\u00e1mych planet\u00e1rnych sf\u00e9r (nebies). Ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich m\u00e1 zvieraciu podobu (napr. osol, opica, drak) a vl\u00e1dne nad konkr\u00e9tnou neres\u0165ou (hnev, p\u00fdcha, lakomstvo).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kozmick\u00ed \u017eal\u00e1rirovia:<\/strong> Hlavnou \u00falohou archontov je <strong>udr\u017ea\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9 du\u0161e uv\u00e4znen\u00e9 v hmote<\/strong>. Ke\u010f \u010dlovek zomrie, jeho du\u0161a (v ktorej je uv\u00e4znen\u00e1 bo\u017esk\u00e1 iskra Svetla zo Sofie) sa sna\u017e\u00ed unikn\u00fa\u0165 zo zeme sp\u00e4\u0165 do nebeskej r\u00ed\u0161e Pl\u00e9r\u00f3my. Archonti str\u00e1\u017eia br\u00e1ny jednotliv\u00fdch nebesk\u00fdch sf\u00e9r, du\u0161u po smrti zastavuj\u00fa, vypo\u010d\u00favaj\u00fa ju, sna\u017eia sa ju oklama\u0165 a stiahnu\u0165 sp\u00e4\u0165 na Zem do kolobehu reinkarn\u00e1cie.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"ako-porazi-archontov-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_porazit_archontov\"><\/span>Ako porazi\u0165 archontov?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Jedinou zbra\u0148ou proti archontom je <strong>gn\u00f3za (poznanie)<\/strong>. Gnostick\u00e9 spisy (napr\u00edklad <em>Pistis Sophia<\/em> alebo <em>Knihy Jeu<\/em>) boli v podstate praktick\u00fdmi pr\u00edru\u010dkami pre du\u0161u. Obsahovali tajn\u00e9 hesl\u00e1, magick\u00e9 formuly a men\u00e1 jednotliv\u00fdch archontov. Ak du\u0161a po smrti poznala presn\u00e9 meno archonta a vedela mu odpoveda\u0165 spr\u00e1vnym heslom, archont stratil svoju moc, musel ju pusti\u0165 \u010falej a du\u0161a mohla \u00faspe\u0161ne prejs\u0165 cez v\u0161etk\u00fdch sedem sf\u00e9r a\u017e k prav\u00e9mu Bohu.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"zhrnutie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zhrnutie-2\"><\/span>Zhrnutie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Gnostick\u00e9 u\u010denie o Demiurgovi (Jaldaba\u00f3thovi) a archontoch \u00faplne oto\u010dilo narat\u00edv vtedaj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Fyzick\u00fd svet nie je dobr\u00fd, ale je to <strong>dokonale navrhnut\u00e9 v\u00e4zenie<\/strong> stvoren\u00e9 zaslepen\u00fdm bo\u017estvom.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Na\u0161e fyzick\u00e9 tel\u00e1 s\u00fa v\u00e4zensk\u00fdm odevom.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Had v raji<\/strong> (v knihe Genesis) nebol pre gnostikov diablom, ale <strong>poslom Svetla<\/strong> (zoslan\u00fdm Sofiou), ktor\u00fd chcel da\u0165 Adamovi a Eve ovocie zo stromu poznania (gn\u00f3zy), aby si uvedomili, \u017ee ich stvorite\u013e Jaldaba\u00f3th nie je skuto\u010dn\u00fd Boh, a aby sa prebudili zo slepoty.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Manicheizmus_Sirilo_sa_toto_nabozenstvo_niekedy_v_dejinach_v_niektorych_regionoch_aj_nasilim_Zodpovedalo_toto_nabozenstvo_aj_za_vojny_alebo_nabozenske_vojny\"><\/span>Manicheizmus. \u0160\u00edrilo sa toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo niekedy v dejin\u00e1ch v niektor\u00fdch regi\u00f3noch aj n\u00e1sil\u00edm? Zodpovedalo toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo aj za vojny alebo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 vojny?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Odpove\u010f na obe va\u0161e ot\u00e1zky znie v podstate <strong>nie<\/strong>. Manicheizmus bol vo svojej teologickej podstate <strong>pr\u00edsne pacifistick\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch in\u00fdch svetov\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev sa manicheizmus ne\u0161\u00edril me\u010dom, nezodpovedal za \u017eiadne \u201esv\u00e4t\u00e9 vojny\u201c a v dejin\u00e1ch vystupoval takmer v\u00fdhradne v \u00falohe <strong>obete prenasledovania<\/strong>, nie v \u00falohe agresora.<\/p>\r\n<p>Ni\u017e\u0161ie n\u00e1jdete podrobnej\u0161\u00ed historick\u00fd preh\u013ead a d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 v\u00fdnimky:<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-rilo-sa-toto-n-bo-enstvo-n-sil-m-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Sirilo_sa_toto_nabozenstvo_nasilim\"><\/span>1. \u0160\u00edrilo sa toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo n\u00e1sil\u00edm?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Niekedy. Manicheizmus sa \u0161\u00edril v\u00fdhradne mierovou cestou.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Pr\u00edsny doktrin\u00e1lny pacifizmus:<\/strong> Jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch etick\u00fdch pravidiel manicheizmu bola tzv. <em>pe\u010da\u0165 r\u00fak<\/em> (<em>signaculum manus<\/em>). T\u00e1 pr\u00edsne zakazovala ak\u00e9ko\u013evek n\u00e1silie, zab\u00edjanie \u013eud\u00ed, zvierat \u010di dokonca ni\u010denie rastl\u00edn. Duchovn\u00ed vodcovia (Vyvolen\u00ed) nesmeli nosi\u0165 zbrane, sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 v arm\u00e1de ani sa podie\u013ea\u0165 na akomko\u013evek boji.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mierov\u00e1 misijn\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165:<\/strong> Manicheizmus sa \u0161\u00edril pozd\u013a\u017e obchodn\u00fdch ciest (najm\u00e4 po Hodv\u00e1bnej ceste) prostredn\u00edctvom akt\u00edvnych mision\u00e1rov, obchodn\u00edkov, prekladania kn\u00edh do miestnych jazykov, filozofick\u00fdch deb\u00e1t a prisp\u00f4sobovania sa miestnym kult\u00faram (synkretizmus).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-zodpovedalo-toto-n-bo-enstvo-za-vojny-alebo-n-bo-ensk-vojny-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Zodpovedalo_toto_nabozenstvo_za_vojny_alebo_nabozenske_vojny\"><\/span>2. Zodpovedalo toto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo za vojny alebo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 vojny?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Nie, manicheizmus nikdy neviedol n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 vojny za \u00fa\u010delom konverzie in\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov.<\/strong> Existuj\u00fa v\u0161ak dve \u0161pecifick\u00e9 historick\u00e9 epiz\u00f3dy, ktor\u00e9 sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa vojen a ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktov, v ktor\u00fdch figuruj\u00fa manichejci:<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"a-ujgursk-kagan-t-762-840-n-l-jedin-manichejsk-t-t\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Ujgursky_kaganat_762_%E2%80%93_840_n_l_%E2%80%93_Jediny_manichejsky_stat\"><\/span>A. Ujgursk\u00fd kagan\u00e1t (762 \u2013 840 n. l.) \u2013 Jedin\u00fd manichejsk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Jedin\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom v hist\u00f3rii, kde sa manicheizmus stal <strong>ofici\u00e1lnym \u0161t\u00e1tnym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom<\/strong>, bola Ujgursk\u00e1 r\u00ed\u0161a v Strednej \u00c1zii.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Ujgursk\u00fd panovn\u00edk <strong>B\u00f6g\u00fc kagan<\/strong> prijal manicheizmus v roku 762 n. l. po tom, \u010do sa stretol s manichejsk\u00fdmi mision\u00e1rmi v \u010c\u00edne.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Viedli Ujgurovia vojny?<\/strong> \u00c1no, Ujguri boli ko\u010dovn\u00fd, bojovn\u00fd n\u00e1rod a viedli geopolitick\u00e9 a teritori\u00e1lne vojny. Tieto vojny v\u0161ak <strong>neboli n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi vojnami<\/strong> na \u0161\u00edrenie manicheizmu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Vplyv manicheizmu na panovn\u00edka:<\/strong> Historick\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy (napr. trojjazy\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1pis z Kara-Balgasunu) ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee B\u00f6g\u00fc kagan sa po konverzii naopak sna\u017eil svojich bojovn\u00fdch ko\u010dovn\u00edkov skroti\u0165. Vydal edikty, ktor\u00e9 im zakazovali krutos\u0165, pitie krvi, bezd\u00f4vodn\u00e9 zab\u00edjanie a naria\u010foval im prechod na vegetari\u00e1nsku stravu a mierumilovnej\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob \u017eivota.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em>Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165:<\/em> Tradi\u010dn\u00ed ko\u010dovn\u00ed aristokrati napokon B\u00f6g\u00fc kagana v roku 779 n. l. zavra\u017edili pri pal\u00e1covom prevrate, preto\u017ee mali pocit, \u017ee manichejsk\u00fd pacifizmus rob\u00ed z ich ob\u00e1van\u00fdch bojovn\u00edkov slabochov.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"b-selsk-povstania-v-ne-tajn-spolky-ming-iao-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Selske_povstania_v_Cine_Tajne_spolky_Ming-tiao\"><\/span>B. Selsk\u00e9 povstania v \u010c\u00edne (Tajn\u00e9 spolky <em>Ming-\u0165iao<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>V \u010c\u00edne bol manicheizmus nesk\u00f4r zak\u00e1zan\u00fd a pre\u017eil v podzem\u00ed ako tajn\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 zn\u00e1ma ako <strong>Ming-\u0165iao<\/strong> (N\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Svetla).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Po\u010das dynasti\u00ed Song a Ming sa st\u00fapenci Ming-\u0165iao ob\u010das zap\u00e1jali do <strong>ve\u013ek\u00fdch ro\u013en\u00edckych povstan\u00ed<\/strong> (napr. povstanie Fanga La v roku 1120 n. l.).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Tieto povstania v\u0161ak neboli n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi vojnami za presadenie manicheizmu. Boli to soci\u00e1lne a ekonomick\u00e9 vzbury chudobn\u00fdch ro\u013en\u00edkov proti vysok\u00fdm daniam, hladomoru a tyranii \u010d\u00ednskych cis\u00e1rov. Manichejsk\u00e9 my\u0161lienky o boji Svetla proti Temnote v nich sl\u00fa\u017eili len ako ideologick\u00e1 in\u0161pir\u00e1cia pre odboj proti skorumpovanej moci.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"zhrnutie-manichejci-ako-obete-nie-agresori\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zhrnutie_Manichejci_ako_obete_nie_agresori\"><\/span>Zhrnutie: Manichejci ako obete, nie agresori<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>V preva\u017enej v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine svojich 1000-ro\u010dn\u00fdch dej\u00edn bol manicheizmus n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom, ktor\u00e9 <strong>n\u00e1siliu \u010delilo, no samo ho nepou\u017e\u00edvalo<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>V Perzii ich prenasledovali zoroastri\u00e1nski k\u0148azi (Mani s\u00e1m zomrel vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>V R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i ich cis\u00e1r Diokleci\u00e1n nariadil p\u00e1li\u0165 za\u017eiva.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>V kres\u0165anskej Eur\u00f3pe aj v \u010c\u00edne boli ozna\u010dovan\u00ed za nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa sekut a systematicky likvidovan\u00ed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Manicheizmus tak zost\u00e1va v hist\u00f3rii pr\u00edkladom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, ktor\u00e9 sa roz\u0161\u00edrilo od Atlantiku a\u017e po Tich\u00fd oce\u00e1n takmer v\u00fdhradne silou slova, kn\u00edh a osobnej ask\u00e9zy.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_zdovodnoval_cisar_Dioklecian_pripadne_ini_rimski_cisari_prenasledovanie_manichejcov\"><\/span>Ako zd\u00f4vod\u0148oval cis\u00e1r Diokleci\u00e1n pr\u00edpadne in\u00ed r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri prenasledovanie manichejcov?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Cis\u00e1r Diokleci\u00e1n vydal okolo roku <strong>297 alebo 302 n. l.<\/strong> v Alexandrii sl\u00e1vny edikt proti manichejcom (<em>Edictum de Manichaeis<\/em>), ktor\u00fd sa zachoval do dne\u0161n\u00fdch dn\u00ed.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tento edikt je v hist\u00f3rii v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00fd t\u00fdm, \u017ee Diokleci\u00e1n v \u0148om z\u00e1kaz a prenasledovanie manichejstva zd\u00f4vodnil e\u0161te <strong>predt\u00fdm, ako za\u010dal prenasledova\u0165 kres\u0165anov<\/strong> (Ve\u013ek\u00e9 prenasledovanie kres\u0165anov vypuklo v roku 303 n. l.).<\/p>\r\n<p>Diokleci\u00e1n a nesk\u00f4r aj \u010fal\u0161\u00ed r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri (\u010di u\u017e pohansk\u00ed alebo kres\u0165ansk\u00ed) zd\u00f4vod\u0148ovali prenasledovanie manichejcov nasleduj\u00facimi hlavn\u00fdmi argumentmi:<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-diokleci-nove-zd-vodnenia-pohansk-r-m-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Dioklecianove_zdovodnenia_pohansky_Rim\"><\/span>1. Diokleci\u00e1nove zd\u00f4vodnenia (pohansk\u00fd R\u00edm)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Diokleci\u00e1n bol zast\u00e1ncom tradi\u010dnej r\u00edmskej \u0161t\u00e1tnej politiky, ktorej cie\u013eom bola obnova sl\u00e1vy R\u00edma, stabilita a n\u00e1vrat k uctievaniu star\u00fdch r\u00edmskych bohov (<em>pax deorum<\/em>). V jeho edikte n\u00e1jdeme \u0161tyri hlavn\u00e9 argumenty:<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"a-persk-piata-kol-na-a-nepriate-sk-p-vod-geopolitika-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Perska_%E2%80%9Epiata_kolona%E2%80%9C_a_nepriatelsky_povod_Geopolitika\"><\/span>A. Persk\u00e1 \u201epiata kol\u00f3na\u201c a nepriate\u013esk\u00fd p\u00f4vod (Geopolitika)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Toto bol pre Diokleci\u00e1na najv\u00e1\u017enej\u0161\u00ed politick\u00fd argument. Manicheizmus vznikol v Perzskej r\u00ed\u0161i (S\u00e1s\u00e1novsk\u00e1 r\u00ed\u0161a), ktor\u00e1 bola najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm a najuhlavnej\u0161\u00edm vojensk\u00fdm nepriate\u013eom R\u00edma.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diokleci\u00e1n vn\u00edmal manichejcov nie ako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa skupinu, ale ako <strong>persk\u00fdch \u0161pi\u00f3nov a rozvrat\u00e1torov<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>V edikte doslova nap\u00edsal, \u017ee manicheizmus je <em>\u201enov\u00e9 a ne\u010dakan\u00e9 zlo, ktor\u00e9 sa k n\u00e1m roz\u0161\u00edrilo z Perzie \u2013 n\u00e1roda, ktor\u00fd je vo\u010di n\u00e1m nepriate\u013esk\u00fd\u201c<\/em>. Ob\u00e1val sa, \u017ee Per\u017eania prostredn\u00edctvom tohto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva podkop\u00e1vaj\u00fa R\u00edmsku r\u00ed\u0161u zvn\u00fatra.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"b-poru-enie-star-ch-r-mskych-trad-ci-mos-maiorum-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Porusenie_starych_rimskych_tradicii_Mos_maiorum\"><\/span>B. Poru\u0161enie star\u00fdch r\u00edmskych trad\u00edci\u00ed (<em>Mos maiorum<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>R\u00edmska pr\u00e1vna filozofia st\u00e1la na re\u0161pekte k trad\u00edci\u00e1m predkov (<em>mos maiorum<\/em>). Ak\u00e9ko\u013evek nov\u00e9, dov\u00e1\u017ean\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 novoty (<em>novitas<\/em>) boli pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za podozriv\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Diokleci\u00e1n argumentoval, \u017ee je zlo\u010dinom spochyb\u0148ova\u0165 to, \u010do stanovili star\u00ed Rimania: <em>\u201eJe najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm zlo\u010dinom meni\u0165 alebo spochyb\u0148ova\u0165 to, \u010do bolo raz nav\u017edy ustanoven\u00e9 star\u00fdmi predkami.\u201c<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"c-ohrozenie-mravov-a-verejn-ho-poriadku\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Ohrozenie_mravov_a_verejneho_poriadku\"><\/span>C. Ohrozenie mravov a verejn\u00e9ho poriadku<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Diokleci\u00e1n obvinil manichejcov, \u017ee svoj\u00edm u\u010den\u00edm kazia \u010dist\u00e9 r\u00edmske mravy a nar\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa pokoj v mest\u00e1ch.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>V edikte ich obvinil zo \u0161\u00edrenia \u201ejedovat\u00e9ho u\u010denia\u201c a praktizovania \u010diernej m\u00e1gie (<em>maleficia<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ke\u010f\u017ee manichejsk\u00ed Vyvolen\u00ed odmietali vojensk\u00fa slu\u017ebu, pr\u00e1cu a \u0161t\u00e1tne ritu\u00e1ly, Diokleci\u00e1n ich vn\u00edmal ako asoci\u00e1lov, ktor\u00ed rozkladaj\u00fa r\u00edmsku spolo\u010dnos\u0165.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"tresty-v-diokleci-novom-edikte-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tresty_v_Dioklecianovom_edikte\"><\/span>Tresty v Diokleci\u00e1novom edikte:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Diokleci\u00e1n nariadil mimoriadne krut\u00e9 tresty:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Knihy a spisy manichejcov mali by\u0165 <strong>sp\u00e1len\u00e9 spolu s ich autormi a vodcami<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Be\u017en\u00ed pr\u00edvr\u017eenci z radov prost\u00e9ho \u013eudu mali by\u0165 popraven\u00ed me\u010dom alebo poslan\u00ed na n\u00faten\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce do ban\u00ed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ak bol manichejcom r\u00edmsky aristokrat alebo vysok\u00fd \u00faradn\u00edk, mal mu by\u0165 skonfi\u0161kovan\u00fd v\u0161etok majetok a mal by\u0165 poslan\u00fd do vyhnanstva.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-zd-vodnenia-neskor-ch-kres-ansk-ch-cis-rov-teodosius-i-justini-n-i-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Zdovodnenia_neskorsich_krestanskych_cisarov_Teodosius_I_Justinian_I\"><\/span>2. Zd\u00f4vodnenia neskor\u0161\u00edch kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov (Teodosius I., Justini\u00e1n I.)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Ke\u010f sa v 4. storo\u010d\u00ed R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a pokres\u0165an\u010dila, prenasledovanie manichejcov sa neskon\u010dilo \u2013 naopak, e\u0161te stvrdlo. Kres\u0165ansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri v\u0161ak zmenili zd\u00f4vodnenie:<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"a-naj-a-ie-kac-rovstvo-a-r-hanie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Najtazsie_kacirovstvo_a_ruhanie\"><\/span>A. Naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161ie kac\u00edrovstvo a r\u00fahanie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Pre kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov (ako bol <strong>Teodosius I.<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd v roku 380 n. l. spravil z kres\u0165anstva jedin\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1tne n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo) bol manicheizmus pova\u017eovan\u00fd za <strong>najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161iu her\u00e9zu (kac\u00edrstvo)<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Vadilo im, \u017ee manichejci pou\u017e\u00edvali kres\u0165ansk\u00fa terminol\u00f3giu (hovorili o Je\u017ei\u0161ovi, Je\u017ei\u0161ovom str\u00e1pen\u00ed, apo\u0161toloch), no vo vn\u00fatri hl\u00e1sali dualizmus, odmietali Star\u00fd z\u00e1kon a popierali skuto\u010dn\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 telo Kristovo.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Kres\u0165ansk\u00ed teol\u00f3govia ho ozna\u010dovali za \u201esyncept\u00e1t diabla\u201c, ktor\u00fd sa maskuje za kres\u0165anstvo, aby zviedol veriacich.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"b-pr-vna-likvid-cia-a-strata-ob-ianskych-pr-v\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Pravna_likvidacia_a_strata_obcianskych_prav\"><\/span>B. Pr\u00e1vna likvid\u00e1cia a strata ob\u010dianskych pr\u00e1v<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Cis\u00e1r Teodosius I. vydal v rokoch 381 \u2013 382 n. l. s\u00e9riu z\u00e1konov, ktor\u00e9 manichejcom:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Odobrali pr\u00e1vo dedi\u0165 majetok alebo zanech\u00e1va\u0165 z\u00e1vet.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Zak\u00e1zali im zhroma\u017e\u010fova\u0165 sa a stavali ich mimo z\u00e1kona.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Zbavili ich r\u00edmskeho ob\u010dianstva.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Vyvrcholenie pri\u0161lo za cis\u00e1ra <strong>Justini\u00e1na I.<\/strong> (6. storo\u010die), ktor\u00fd vo svojom sl\u00e1vnom pr\u00e1vnom k\u00f3dexe (<em>Codex Justinianus<\/em>) kodifikoval, \u017ee <strong>priznanie sa k manicheizmu sa automaticky trest\u00e1 smr\u0165ou<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"zhrnutie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zhrnutie-3\"><\/span>Zhrnutie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Pre pohansk\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra Diokleci\u00e1na<\/strong> bol manichejec <strong>persk\u00fdm agentom, zradcom r\u00edmskych trad\u00edci\u00ed<\/strong> a naru\u0161ite\u013eom verejn\u00e9ho poriadku.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Pre kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov (Teodosia \u010di Justini\u00e1na)<\/strong> bol manichejec <strong>diabolsk\u00fdm kac\u00edrom, r\u00faha\u010dom a nepriate\u013eom pravej viery<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd ohrozoval sp\u00e1su obyvate\u013eov r\u00ed\u0161e.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mani_zomrel_vo_vazeni_Kto_ho_uvaznil\"><\/span>Mani zomrel vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed. Kto ho uv\u00e4znil?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Maniho dal uv\u00e4zni\u0165 perzsk\u00fd \u0161achin\u0161ach (kr\u00e1\u013e kr\u00e1\u013eov) <strong>Bahr\u00e1m I.<\/strong> (Vahram I.) zo S\u00e1s\u00e1novskej r\u00ed\u0161e v roku <strong>274 n. l.<\/strong> (niektor\u00e9 historick\u00e9 prameny ud\u00e1vaj\u00fa jar roku 276 alebo 277 n. l.).<\/p>\r\n<p>Skuto\u010dn\u00fdm h\u00fdbate\u013eom a strocom Maniho p\u00e1du v\u0161ak bol mocn\u00fd zoroastri\u00e1nsky ve\u013ekok\u0148az menom <strong>Kert\u00edr<\/strong> (Kart\u00edr).<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"ako-k-tomu-do-lo-historick-pozadie-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ako_k_tomu_doslo_Historicke_pozadie\"><\/span>Ako k tomu do\u0161lo? (Historick\u00e9 pozadie)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Obdobie priazne pod \u0160\u00e1p\u00farom I.:<\/strong><br \/>\r\nMani sa dlh\u00e9 desa\u0165ro\u010dia te\u0161il vysokej osobnej ochrane a priazni predo\u0161l\u00fdch perzsk\u00fdch panovn\u00edkov \u2013 najm\u00e4 kr\u00e1\u013ea <strong>\u0160\u00e1p\u00fara I.<\/strong> a jeho kr\u00e1tko vl\u00e1dnuceho syna <strong>Hormizda I.<\/strong>. \u0160\u00e1p\u00far I. videl v manicheizme sp\u00e1jaj\u00facu ideol\u00f3giu pre svoju pestr\u00fa r\u00ed\u0161u, dovolil Manimu slobodne k\u00e1za\u0165 a dokonca ho vzal do svojho kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho sprievodu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>N\u00e1stup Bahr\u00e1ma I. a vplyv k\u0148aza Kert\u00edra:<\/strong><br \/>\r\nKe\u010f po smrti Hormizda I. nast\u00fapil na tr\u00f3n Bahr\u00e1m I., situ\u00e1cia sa dramaticky zmenila. Nov\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e bol slab\u0161\u00ed panovn\u00edk a pod\u013eahol siln\u00e9mu tlaku zoroastri\u00e1nskeho k\u0148azstva. Ve\u013ekok\u0148az <strong>Kert\u00edr<\/strong> bol fanatick\u00fdm z\u00e1stancom \u010distej zoroastri\u00e1nskej pravovernosti a presadzoval \u0161t\u00e1tne n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo bez akejko\u013evek tolerancie\u010di rivality.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Obvinenie z kac\u00edrovstva:<\/strong><br \/>\r\nKert\u00edr presved\u010dil Bahr\u00e1ma I., \u017ee Maniho u\u010denie je nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 kac\u00edrovstvo, ktor\u00e9 rozvracia tradi\u010dn\u00fa perzsk\u00fa vieru a spolo\u010dnos\u0165. Povedal kr\u00e1\u013eovi, \u017ee Mani odv\u00e1dza \u013eud\u00ed od po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva, rodiny a vojenskej slu\u017eby (kv\u00f4li manichejsk\u00e9mu pacifizmu a askezi).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 id=\"zatkntie-a-smr-vo-v-zen-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zatkntie_a_smrt_vo_vazeni\"><\/span>Zatkntie a smr\u0165 vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Predvolanie do Gund\u00e9\u0161\u00e1p\u00faru:<\/strong> Bahr\u00e1m I. si predvolal Maniho do svojho s\u00eddeln\u00e9ho mesta Gund\u00e9\u0161\u00e1p\u00far (v dne\u0161nom juhoz\u00e1padnom Ir\u00e1ne).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Aratovanie:<\/strong> Ke\u010f Mani dorazil k dvoru, kr\u00e1\u013e ho priv\u00edtal s hnevom a v\u00fd\u010ditkami. Nariadil ho okam\u017eite zatkn\u00fa\u0165, sp\u00fata\u0165 \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdmi \u017eelezn\u00fdmi re\u0165azami (na krku, ruk\u00e1ch aj noh\u00e1ch) a uvrhn\u00fa\u0165 do ob\u00e1van\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho v\u00e4zenia.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Smr\u0165:<\/strong> Mani str\u00e1vil vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed v krut\u00fdch podmienkach presne <strong>26 dn\u00ed<\/strong>. V d\u00f4sledku pokro\u010dil\u00e9ho veku (mal okolo 60 rokov), fyzick\u00e9ho vy\u010derpania, v\u00e1hy re\u0165az\u00ed a nedostatku potravy vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed zomrel.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Posmrtn\u00e9 zneuctenie:<\/strong> Aby zoroastri\u00e1ni zni\u010dili jeho kult, po smrti bolo jeho telo s\u0165at\u00e9, vypchan\u00e9 slamou a jeho hlava bola pribit\u00e1 na mestsk\u00fa br\u00e1nu v Gund\u00e9\u0161\u00e1p\u00fare ako v\u00fdstraha pre jeho st\u00fapencov.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Manichejci nesk\u00f4r smr\u0165 svojho proroka vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed prirovn\u00e1vali ku Kristovmu ukri\u017eovaniu a udalos\u0165 opisovali ako jeho kone\u010dn\u00e9 oslobodenie a n\u00e1vrat do r\u00ed\u0161e Svetla.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cisar_Dioklecian_vydal_edikt_proti_gnostikom-manichejcom_skor_ako_proti_%E2%80%9Ekatolickym%E2%80%9C_krestanom\"><\/span>Cis\u00e1r Diokleci\u00e1n vydal edikt proti gnostikom-manichejcom sk\u00f4r ako proti \u201ekatol\u00edckym\u201c kres\u0165anom?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Vydal Diokleci\u00e1n edikt proti manichejcom sk\u00f4r ako proti kres\u0165anom?<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u00c1NO, toto je historick\u00fd fakt.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Edikt proti manichejcom (<em>Edictum de Manichaeis<\/em>):<\/strong> Diokleci\u00e1n ho vydal z Alexandrie pravdepodobne v roku <strong>297 n. l.<\/strong> (niektor\u00ed historici ud\u00e1vaj\u00fa rok 302 n. l.).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prv\u00fd edikt proti kres\u0165anom (Ve\u013ek\u00e9 prenasledovanie):<\/strong> Diokleci\u00e1n ho vydal a\u017e <strong>23. febru\u00e1ra 303 n. l.<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Diokleci\u00e1n teda skuto\u010dne zak\u00e1zal a za\u010dal prenasledova\u0165 manichejcov o <strong>1 a\u017e 6 rokov sk\u00f4r<\/strong> ne\u017e hlavn\u00fd pr\u00fad kres\u0165anov.<\/p>\r\n<p>Diokleci\u00e1n zak\u00e1zal manichejcov sk\u00f4r (cca 297\/302 n. l.) ne\u017e kres\u0165anov (303 n. l.) kv\u00f4li <strong>strachu z Perzie<\/strong>, nie kv\u00f4li ich po\u010detnosti.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ktore_gnosticke_prudy_hovoria_o_tom_ako_Tomasovo_evanjelium_ze_dusa_duch_kazdeho_cloveka_ma_bozsku_iskru_ktoru_treba_prebudit_Co_hovoril_manicheizmus_o_tejto_teme\"><\/span>Ktor\u00e9 gnostick\u00e9 pr\u00fady hovoria o tom ako Tom\u00e1\u0161ovo evanjelium, \u017ee du\u0161a \/ duch ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dloveka m\u00e1 bo\u017esk\u00fa iskru ktor\u00fa treba prebudi\u0165? <br \/>\r\n<em>\u010co hovoril manicheizmus o tejto t\u00e9me?<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;My\u0161lienka, \u017ee v ka\u017edom \u010dloveku (alebo v jeho du\u0161i\/duchu) sa nach\u00e1dza <strong>bo\u017esk\u00e1 iskra Svetla<\/strong>, ktor\u00fa zl\u00ed vl\u00e1dcovia hmoty (archonti) uvrhli do duchovn\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku, opitosti \u010di nevedomosti, a ktor\u00fa treba pomocou poznania (<strong>gn\u00f3zy<\/strong>) prebudi\u0165, je <strong>\u00fastredn\u00fdm pilierom prakticky v\u0161etk\u00fdch gnostick\u00fdch pr\u00fadov<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Hoci sa l\u00ed\u0161ili v detailoch mytol\u00f3gie, t\u00fato my\u0161lienku zdie\u013eali takmer v\u0161etky hlavn\u00e9 gnostick\u00e9 \u0161koly:<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-gnostick-pr-dy-u-iace-o-bo-skej-iskre\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Gnosticke_prudy_uciace_o_bozskej_iskre\"><\/span>1. Gnostick\u00e9 pr\u00fady u\u010diace o bo\u017eskej iskre<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<h4 id=\"a-tom-ovsk-trad-cia-s-rska-gnostick-kola-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Tomasovska_tradicia_Syrska_gnosticka_skola\"><\/span>A. Tom\u00e1\u0161ovsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia (S\u00fdrska gnostick\u00e1 \u0161kola)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Sem patr\u00ed priamo spom\u00ednan\u00e9 <strong>Tom\u00e1\u0161ovo evanjelium<\/strong> \u010di <em>Kniha Tom\u00e1\u0161a Z\u00e1pasn\u00edka<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>U\u010denie:<\/strong> Tento pr\u00fad kl\u00e1dol d\u00f4raz na <strong>vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 prebudenie a sebapoznanie<\/strong>. Kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo nebesk\u00e9 nie je vonkaj\u0161ie miesto, ale stav vedomia: <em>\u201eKr\u00e1\u013eovstvo je vo v\u00e1s a okolo v\u00e1s. Ke\u010f pozn\u00e1te sami seba, potom budete poznan\u00ed a pochop\u00edte, \u017ee ste synmi \u017eiv\u00e9ho Otca.\u201c<\/em> (Tom\u00e1\u0161ovo evanjelium, v\u00fdrok 3).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Cie\u013eom bolo n\u00e1js\u0165 svoje vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 \u201enebesk\u00e9 dvoj\u010da\u201c, spozna\u0165 svetlo v sebe a sta\u0165 sa \u201ejedin\u00fdm \/ nerozdelen\u00fdm\u201c (<em>monachos<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"b-setovci-sethianizmus-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Setovci_Sethianizmus\"><\/span>B. Setovci (Sethianizmus)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Patrili medzi najstar\u0161ie gnostick\u00e9 pr\u00fady (spisy ako <em>Tajn\u00e1 kniha J\u00e1nova<\/em>, <em>Podstata archontov<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>U\u010denie:<\/strong> U\u010dili, \u017ee zl\u00e1 bytos\u0165 Jaldaba\u00f3th vd\u00fdchla do prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka Adama duchovn\u00fd dych, ktor\u00fd nevedomky zdedila od svojej matky Sofie. T\u00fdm sa bo\u017esk\u00e1 iskra dostala do \u013eudsk\u00fdch tiel.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Archonti sa z\u013eakli, \u017ee \u010dlovek je kv\u00f4li tejto iskre m\u00fadrej\u0161\u00ed ako oni, preto Adama uvrhli do <strong>hlbok\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku nevedomosti<\/strong> (<em>hypnos<\/em>). Z\u00e1chrana spo\u010d\u00edva v pr\u00edchode nebesk\u00e9ho Posla (Logosu\/Krista), ktor\u00fd \u010dloveka zvolan\u00edm \u201ePrebu\u010f sa, ty \u010do sp\u00ed\u0161!\u201c vytrhne z tohto sp\u00e1nku.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"c-valent-novci-valentinianizmus-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Valentinovci_Valentinianizmus\"><\/span>C. Valent\u00ednovci (Valentinianizmus)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Najinteligentnej\u0161\u00ed a najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161\u00ed gnostick\u00fd pr\u00fad, ktor\u00fd zalo\u017eil teol\u00f3g Valent\u00edn (spisy ako <em>Evanjelium pravdy<\/em>, <em>Filipovo evanjelium<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>U\u010denie:<\/strong> Valent\u00ednovci delili \u013eud\u00ed do troch kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed, no u\u010dili, \u017ee duchovn\u00ed \u013eudia (<strong>pneumatici<\/strong>) v sebe nes\u00fa semeno\/iskru duchovn\u00e9ho sveta (<em>pneuma<\/em>), ktor\u00fa do nich vlo\u017eila nebesk\u00e1 Matka (Sofia).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>T\u00e1to iskra je v \u010dloveku zakryt\u00e1 hmotn\u00fdm telom a du\u0161evn\u00fdmi em\u00f3ciami. Kristus pri\u0161iel ako Spasite\u013e, aby t\u00fato iskru osvietil, prebudil v \u010dloveku spomienku na jeho nebesk\u00fd domov (Pl\u00e9r\u00f3mu) a pomohol mu vr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa k Otcovi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"d-hermetizmus-alexandrijsk-trad-cia-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Hermetizmus_Alexandrijska_tradicia\"><\/span>D. Hermetizmus (Alexandrijsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Filozoficko-gnostick\u00fd pr\u00fad vych\u00e1dzaj\u00faci zo spisov <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> (najm\u00e4 spis <em>Poimandres<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>U\u010denie:<\/strong> \u010clovek je spojen\u00edm smrte\u013en\u00e9ho tela a nesmrte\u013enej bo\u017eskej mysle (<strong>Nous<\/strong>). Bo\u017esk\u00e1 mysel v \u010dloveku \u201ezaspala\u201c, ke\u010f sa zamilovala do hmotn\u00e9ho sveta a klesla do\u0148. Proces ilumin\u00e1cie spo\u010d\u00edva v prebuden\u00ed tejto mysle, spoznan\u00ed vlastnej nesmrte\u013enosti a vzostupe cez 7 planet\u00e1rnych sf\u00e9r.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"e-naas-ni-a-ofiti\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Naaseni_a_Ofiti\"><\/span>E. Naas\u00e9ni a Ofiti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Gnostick\u00e9 skupiny, ktor\u00e9 uctievali symbol hada.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>U\u010denie:<\/strong> Tvrdili, \u017ee <strong>had v raji<\/strong> bol v skuto\u010dnosti poslom prav\u00e9ho Boha (alebo samotnou Logickou iskrou), ktor\u00fd pri\u0161iel prebudi\u0165 Adama a Evu zo slepej poslu\u0161nosti vo\u010di nevedom\u00e9mu stvorite\u013eovi (Demiurgovi) t\u00fdm, \u017ee im pon\u00fakol ovocie zo stromu poznania (gn\u00f3zy).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-o-hovoril-o-bo-skej-iskre-manicheizmus-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Co_hovoril_o_bozskej_iskre_Manicheizmus\"><\/span>2. \u010co hovoril o bo\u017eskej iskre Manicheizmus?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Manicheizmus prevzal t\u00fato gnostick\u00fa my\u0161lienku, no <strong>posunul ju na kozmick\u00fa \u00farove\u0148<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"a-iskra-nie-je-len-v-loveku-ale-v-celej-pr-rode\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Iskra_nie_je_len_v_cloveku_ale_v_celej_prirode\"><\/span>A. Iskra nie je len v \u010dloveku, ale v celej pr\u00edrode<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Pre manichejcov nebola bo\u017esk\u00e1 iskra uv\u00e4znen\u00e1 len v \u013eudskej du\u0161i. Po kozmickom boji medzi Svetlom a Temnotou boli \u010diasto\u010dky bo\u017esk\u00e9ho Svetla rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 <strong>do celej hmoty<\/strong> \u2013 nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa v rastlin\u00e1ch, zvierat\u00e1ch, vode, kamennej p\u00f4de aj v \u013eu\u010foch. Zobern\u00fd pojem pre toto uv\u00e4znen\u00e9 svetlo v pr\u00edrode bol <em>Jesus Patibilis<\/em> (trpiaci Je\u017ei\u0161).<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"b-stvorenie-adama-ako-pasca-na-svetlo-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Stvorenie_Adama_ako_%E2%80%9Epasca_na_svetlo%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>B. Stvorenie Adama ako \u201epasca na svetlo\u201c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Manichejsk\u00e1 m\u00fdtos tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee zl\u00ed archonti (d\u00e9moni) stvorili Adama a Evu s jedin\u00fdm cie\u013eom: sp\u00e1ri\u0165 sa a vytvori\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9 tel\u00e1 ako <strong>dokonal\u00e9 hust\u00e9 v\u00e4zenie<\/strong>, do ktor\u00e9ho skoncentruj\u00fa a uzamkn\u00fa \u010do najviac ukradnut\u00e9ho bo\u017esk\u00e9ho Svetla, aby im neutieklo sp\u00e4\u0165 do neba.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"c-ritu-l-prebudenia-adama-sveteln-je-i-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Ritual_Prebudenia_Adama_Svetelny_Jezis\"><\/span>C. Ritu\u00e1l Prebudenia Adama (Sveteln\u00fd Je\u017ei\u0161)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Pod\u013ea Maniho le\u017eal prv\u00fd \u010dlovek Adam v hlbokom bezvedom\u00ed, opitosti a duchovnom sp\u00e1nku, uv\u00e4znen\u00fd vo svojom tele.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Z r\u00ed\u0161e Svetla k nemu zost\u00fapila bo\u017esk\u00e1 bytos\u0165 \u2013 <strong>Sveteln\u00fd Je\u017ei\u0161<\/strong> (<em>Jesus the Luminous<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Sveteln\u00fd Je\u017ei\u0161 prist\u00fapil k spiacemu Adamovi, <strong>prebudil ho zo sp\u00e1nku, otvoril mu o\u010di<\/strong> a uk\u00e1zal mu jeho skuto\u010dn\u00fd bo\u017esk\u00fd p\u00f4vod.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ke\u010f Adam spoznal pravdu, pod\u013ea manichejsk\u00fdch textov zaplakal, uvedomil si svoju tragick\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu a zakri\u010dal: <em>\u201eCudz\u00ed je ten, \u010do stvoril moje telo, a cudz\u00ed s\u00fa t\u00ed, \u010do uv\u00e4znili moju du\u0161u!\u201c<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"d-loha-loveka\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Uloha_cloveka\"><\/span>D. \u00daloha \u010dloveka<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek v sebe nesie t\u00fato prebuden\u00fa alebo spiacu iskru. \u00dalohou manichejca bolo:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Spoznat t\u00fato iskru v sebe (cez gn\u00f3zu).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Pom\u00e1ha\u0165 oslobodzova\u0165 iskry svetla z pr\u00edrody (napr\u00edklad jeden\u00edm \u010dist\u00fdch plod\u00edn ako mel\u00f3ny, z ktor\u00fdch mn\u00edsi vn\u00fatorne oslobodzovali svetlo a posielali ho cez modlitby sp\u00e4\u0165 do neba).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 id=\"zhrnutie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zhrnutie-4\"><\/span>Zhrnutie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Zatia\u013e \u010do pre <strong>Tom\u00e1\u0161ovo evanjelium a Valent\u00ednovcov<\/strong> bolo prebudenie bo\u017eskej iskry najm\u00e4 <strong>vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm psychologicko-duchovn\u00fdm procesom<\/strong> sebapoznania jednotlivca, pre <strong>manichejcov<\/strong> bolo toto prebudenie s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou <strong>obrovsk\u00e9ho kozmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1pasu<\/strong>, v ktorom mal \u010dlovek pom\u00f4c\u0165 vyslobodi\u0165 Svetlo z celej hmotnej pr\u00edrody.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h1 id=\"v-skumn-spr-va-kozmol-gia-demiurg-a-teodicea-v-gnostick-ch-a-dualistick-ch-syst-moch\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"VYSKUMNA_SPRAVA_Kozmologia_Demiurg_a_Teodicea_v_Gnostickych_a_Dualistickych_Systemoch\"><\/span>V\u00ddSKUMN\u00c1 SPR\u00c1VA: Kozmol\u00f3gia, Demiurg a Teodicea v Gnostick\u00fdch a Dualistick\u00fdch Syst\u00e9moch<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h2 id=\"-k-ov-z-very-v-skumu-executive-summary-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%F0%9F%92%A1_KLUCOVE_ZAVERY_VYSKUMU_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY\"><\/span>\ud83d\udca1 K\u013d\u00da\u010cOV\u00c9 Z\u00c1VERY V\u00ddSKUMU (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mandeizmus:<\/strong> Predstavuje jedin\u00fa kontinu\u00e1lne pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facu gnostick\u00fa komunitu. Demiurg <strong>Ptahil<\/strong> tu nie je zlomyse\u013en\u00fd tyran, ale nedokonal\u00fd, limitovan\u00fd remeseln\u00edk, ktor\u00fd zlyh\u00e1va pri vd\u00fdchnut\u00ed du\u0161e (<em>ni\u0161imta<\/em>) \u010dloveku a nakoniec rezignovane uzn\u00e1va limity svojho diela.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Manicheizmus:<\/strong> Prin\u00e1\u0161a absol\u00fatny ontologick\u00fd dualizmus dvoch ve\u010dn\u00fdch princ\u00edpov (Svetlo a Temnota). Na rozdiel od v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny gnostick\u00fdch pr\u00fadov je tu Demiurg \u2013 <strong>\u017div\u00fd Duch (<em>Spiritus Vivens<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>dobr\u00fdm architektom a z\u00e1chrancom<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd zo schr\u00e1nok porazen\u00fdch d\u00e9monov buduje makrokozmos ako o\u010distn\u00fa ma\u0161inu na oslobodenie svetla.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Bogomilovia a Katari:<\/strong> Vyzn\u00e1vali tzv. <strong>zmiernen\u00fd (monarchistick\u00fd) dualizmus<\/strong>. Zlo nie je ve\u010dn\u00fdm princ\u00edpom, ale poch\u00e1dza z p\u00e1du prvoroden\u00e9ho Bo\u017eieho syna \u2013 <strong>Satanaela<\/strong>. Satanael vystupuje ako pomstychtiv\u00fd Demiurg Star\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, ktor\u00fd stvoril hmotn\u00fd svet a zviedol nebesk\u00fdch anjelov do hlinen\u00fdch tiel \u013eud\u00ed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Jadro Gnostickej Teodicey:<\/strong> V\u0161etky tri syst\u00e9my odmietaj\u00fa pravovern\u00fd narat\u00edv o &#8220;dobrom stvoren\u00ed&#8221; a vinu za utrpenie sveta pres\u00favaj\u00fa priamo na stvorite\u013esk\u00fa entitu (\u010di u\u017e z d\u00f4vodu jej nevedomosti, tragickej obety alebo pomstychtiv\u00e9ho p\u00e1du).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"5-mandejci-a-u-enie-ginza-rabba-ptahil-ako-nedokonal-stvorite-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Mandejci_a_ucenie_Ginza_Rabba_Ptahil_ako_nedokonaly_stvoritel\"><\/span>5. Mandejci a u\u010denie <em>Ginza Rabba<\/em>: Ptahil ako nedokonal\u00fd stvorite\u013e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Mandeizmus predstavuje v r\u00e1mci gnostick\u00e9ho spektra \u00faplne unik\u00e1tny fenom\u00e9n. Ide o jedin\u00fa gnostick\u00fa komunitu, ktor\u00e1 kontinu\u00e1lne pre\u017eila od neskor\u00e9ho staroveku (jej vznik sa predpoklad\u00e1 v oblasti r\u00edmskej Palest\u00edny a S\u00fdrie, odkia\u013e jej \u010dlenovia prenasledovan\u00ed migrovali do Mezopot\u00e1mie) a\u017e dodnes, prim\u00e1rne v oblastiach ju\u017en\u00e9ho Iraku a Ir\u00e1nu.<\/p>\r\n<p>Mandejsk\u00e1 kozmol\u00f3gia a teol\u00f3gia sa nezachovala len vo fragmentoch, ale v rozsiahlom a prepracovanom sv\u00e4tom p\u00edsme zvanom <strong>Ginza Rabba<\/strong> (<em>Ve\u013ek\u00fd poklad<\/em>). T\u00e1to kniha sa del\u00ed na dve hlavn\u00e9 \u010dasti:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prav\u00e1 Ginza:<\/strong> Obsahuje najm\u00e4 kozmologick\u00e9 trakt\u00e1ty.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>\u013dav\u00e1 Ginza:<\/strong> Zameriava sa prim\u00e1rne na ot\u00e1zky vzostupu du\u0161e do nebesk\u00fdch sf\u00e9r.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Dualizmus mandejcov operuje so silami <strong>Svetla<\/strong> a <strong>Temnoty<\/strong>, no jeho m\u00fdtotvorn\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara sa odli\u0161uje od klasick\u00e9ho seti\u00e1nskeho gnosticizmu. Svetlo a Temnota poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z dvoch zrete\u013ene odli\u0161n\u00fdch, hoci pravdepodobne nie striktne rovnocenn\u00fdch dom\u00e9n:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>R\u00ed\u0161a Svetla:<\/strong> Dokonal\u00e1 sf\u00e9ra \u010distej inteligencie, v ktorej kra\u013euje najvy\u0161\u0161ie bo\u017estvo naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 <strong>Hayyi Rabbi<\/strong> (<em>Prv\u00fd \u017divot<\/em> alebo <em>Ve\u013ek\u00fd \u017divot<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Svet Temnoty:<\/strong> Sf\u00e9ra, z ktorej poch\u00e1dza stagna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010dierna voda a prvotn\u00fd chaos. Je riaden\u00e1 entitou zvanou <strong>P\u00e1n temnoty<\/strong> (<em>Mara d-h\u0161uka<\/em>). Tento svet je domovom obrovsk\u00e9ho mon\u0161tra \u2013 draka zvan\u00e9ho <strong>Ur<\/strong> \u2013 a zl\u00e9ho \u017eensk\u00e9ho ducha zn\u00e1meho pod menom <strong>Ruha<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<pre><code>               [ R\u00cd\u0160A SVETLA ]\r\n                 Hayyi Rabbi (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Prv\u00fd<\/span> \u017divot)\r\n                      \u2502\r\n                 Jo\u0161amin (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Druh\u00fd<\/span> \u017divot)\r\n                      \u2502\r\n                 Abatur (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Tret\u00ed<\/span> \u017divot)\r\n                      \u2502\r\n            \u2605 Ptahil (<span class=\"hljs-name\">\u0160tvrt\u00fd<\/span> \u017divot \/ Uthra)\r\n                      \u2502\r\n        \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n        \u25bc                           \u25bc\r\n  STVORENIE TIBIL           KOMPROMIS SO ZLOM\r\n (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Materi\u00e1lny<\/span> svet)      (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Ruha<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">7<\/span> plan\u00e9t, <span class=\"hljs-number\">12<\/span> znamen\u00ed)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3 id=\"5-1-ptahil-demiurg-ako-zlyh-vaj-ci-remeseln-k\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"51_Ptahil_Demiurg_ako_zlyhavajuci_remeselnik\"><\/span>5.1. Ptahil: Demiurg ako zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00faci remeseln\u00edk<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Na rozdiel od Pler\u00f3my klasick\u00fdch gnostikov, v ktorej do\u0161lo k n\u00e1hlemu teologick\u00e9mu zlyhaniu Sofie, mandejsk\u00e1 kozmol\u00f3gia v tretej knihe <em>Ginza Rabba<\/em> opisuje sofistikovan\u00fa hierarchick\u00fa postupnos\u0165 nebesk\u00fdch eman\u00e1ci\u00ed (ozna\u010dovan\u00fdch ako <em>\u017divoty<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<p>Po Prvom \u017divote nasleduje:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Druh\u00fd \u017divot:<\/strong> Jo\u0161amin.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Tret\u00ed \u017divot:<\/strong> Abatur (zohr\u00e1va k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa eschatologick\u00fa \u00falohu ako v\u00e1\u017eite\u013e \u013eudsk\u00fdch du\u0161\u00ed na onom svete).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>\u0160tvrt\u00fd \u017divot:<\/strong> Nebesk\u00e1 bytos\u0165 (<em>uthra<\/em>) naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 <strong>Ptahil<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Ptahil zast\u00e1va v mandeizme funkciu <strong>Demiurga<\/strong>. Etymol\u00f3gia jeho mena je dlhodobo predmetom akademick\u00fdch deb\u00e1t:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><em>Mark Lidzbarski<\/em> (nemeck\u00fd jazykovedec) sa prikl\u00e1\u0148a k te\u00f3rii o synt\u00e9ze mena starovek\u00e9ho egyptsk\u00e9ho boha-remeseln\u00edka &#8220;Ptaha&#8221; a semitskej anjelskej pr\u00edpony &#8220;-il&#8221;.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em>Matthias Norberg<\/em> a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed u\u010denci odvodzuj\u00fa meno r\u00fddzo z aramejsk\u00e9ho slovesa s v\u00fdznamom &#8220;Boh tvor\u00ed&#8221; alebo &#8220;Boh otv\u00e1ra&#8221;.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 \u0161pecifikum:<\/strong> Ptahil nie je inherentne zl\u00fd ani nevedom\u00fd tyran ako seti\u00e1nsky Jaldabaoth. V mandejskej teol\u00f3gii je legit\u00edmnou eman\u00e1ciou Najvy\u0161\u0161ieho \u017divota a kon\u00e1 dokonca na pokyn svojho otca (Abatura). Je zobrazen\u00fd sk\u00f4r ako hlboko nedokonal\u00fd, limitovan\u00fd remeseln\u00edk, ktor\u00fd dostal za \u00falohu vytvori\u0165 materi\u00e1lny svet (<em>Tibil<\/em>), no pri tomto procese sa nach\u00e1dza pr\u00edli\u0161 \u010faleko od zdroja \u010dist\u00e9ho Svetla.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p>Ptahil zostupuje na desiv\u00fa hranicu svetla a stagna\u010dn\u00fdch temn\u00fdch v\u00f4d chaosu a pok\u00fa\u0161a sa do nich vnies\u0165 \u0161truktur\u00e1lny poriadok \u2013 chlad\u00ed ohne a zhus\u0165uje vodu na pevninu. Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u0161ak nem\u00e1 dostatok vlastnej bo\u017eskej sily a tvor\u00ed v nepriate\u013eskom prostred\u00ed, mus\u00ed robi\u0165 kompromisy a spolupracova\u0165 so zlou d\u00e9monickou bytos\u0165ou <strong>Ruhou<\/strong> a jej synmi \u2013 <strong>siedmimi plan\u00e9tami<\/strong> a <strong>dvan\u00e1stimi znameniami zverokruhu<\/strong>. Tieto plan\u00e9ty, rovnako ako archonti u seti\u00e1nov, sl\u00fa\u017eia ako d\u00e9monick\u00e9 sily blokuj\u00face vzostup du\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"5-2-stvorenie-pagra-tela-a-nedostatok-ni-imty-du-e-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"52_Stvorenie_Pagra_tela_a_nedostatok_Nisimty_duse\"><\/span>5.2. Stvorenie Pagra (tela) a nedostatok Ni\u0161imty (du\u0161e)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Mandejsk\u00e9 texty v <em>Ginza Rabba<\/em> obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u017eivo a poeticky opisuj\u00fa Ptahilovo remeseln\u00e9 z\u00fafalstvo pri pokuse stvori\u0165 prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka. S pomocou temn\u00fdch s\u00edl (Siedmich a Dvan\u00e1stich) Ptahil vytvaruje fyzick\u00e9 telo Adama z hliny (<em>pagra<\/em>). Je schopn\u00fd da\u0165 mu dokonal\u00fd anatomick\u00fd tvar a urobi\u0165 z neho ucelen\u00fa hmotn\u00fa n\u00e1dobu, no <strong>nedok\u00e1\u017ee mu vd\u00fdchnu\u0165 samotn\u00fd \u017eivot<\/strong>. Telo le\u017e\u00ed v tichu a odmieta d\u00fdcha\u0165, preto\u017ee prav\u00e1 duchovn\u00e1 du\u0161a (<em>ni\u0161imta<\/em>) poch\u00e1dza v\u00fdhradne zo Sveta Svetla, od ktor\u00e9ho je Ptahil vo svojej sf\u00e9re odrezan\u00fd.<\/p>\r\n<p>A\u017e na Ptahilovo prosbopis a volanie o pomoc zostupuj\u00fa z vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch sf\u00e9r vzne\u0161en\u00ed uthrovia (v z\u00e1vislosti od verzie textu Hibil Ziwa alebo Abatur) a prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa do chaosu bo\u017esk\u00fa iskru, \u010dasto stoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00fa so &#8220;skryt\u00fdm Adamom&#8221; (<em>adakas<\/em> alebo <em>adam rba<\/em>). A\u017e po jemnom vlo\u017een\u00ed tejto svetelnej iskry do m\u0155tvej hlinenej hmoty si fyzick\u00fd Adam napokon sad\u00e1 a o\u017e\u00edva.<\/p>\r\n<p>V tomto momente text opisuje hlboko symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdjav:<\/p>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><em>Ptahil si sklon\u00ed hlavu, uvia\u017ee si biely turban \u2013 ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017ei ako znak \u00faradu a k\u0148azstva \u2013 a ticho si zahal\u00ed svoj odev. Je to rezignovan\u00e9 gesto remeseln\u00edka, ktor\u00fd uklad\u00e1 svoje n\u00e1stroje a s pokorou i sm\u00fatkom uzn\u00e1va neprekonate\u013en\u00e9 hranice svojho diela.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p>Fyzick\u00fd svet (<em>Tibil<\/em>) tak v mandeizme nie je r\u00ed\u0161ou prvotn\u00e9ho hriechu z pomsty (ako pri m\u00fdte o Jaldabaothovi). Je v\u0161ak pln\u00fd utrpenia a bolesti, preto\u017ee na ka\u017edom jeho milimetri je hlbok\u00fd odtla\u010dok nedokon\u010denej, kompromitovanej remeselnej pr\u00e1ce Ptahila a toxickej, zlej pr\u00edtomnosti Ruhy a plan\u00e9t. Tie na\u010falej funguj\u00fa ako str\u00e1\u017ecovia a v\u00e4znitelia \u013eudsk\u00fdch du\u0161\u00ed putuj\u00facich po smrti k Abaturovi.<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"6-manicheizmus-radik-lny-ontologick-dualizmus-a-dobr-demiurg\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Manicheizmus_Radikalny_ontologicky_dualizmus_a_dobry_Demiurg\"><\/span>6. Manicheizmus: Radik\u00e1lny ontologick\u00fd dualizmus a dobr\u00fd Demiurg<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Manicheizmus \u2013 univerz\u00e1lne n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo zalo\u017een\u00e9 prorokom <strong>Manim<\/strong> v 3. storo\u010d\u00ed n. l. (216 \u2013 274) v s\u00e1s\u00e1novskej Perzii \u2013 predstavuje gnosticizmus v jeho najradik\u00e1lnej\u0161ej a najsystematickej\u0161ej dualistickej podobe. Modern\u00fd obraz o manicheizme sa dramaticky spresnil v\u010faka dek\u00f3dovaniu origin\u00e1lnych prame\u0148ov:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Monument\u00e1lne koptsk\u00e9 <em>Kefalaia<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Kniha \u017ealmov (<em>Psalm-book<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Latinsk\u00e9 fragmenty posv\u00e4tn\u00e9ho listu <em>Epistula Fundamenti<\/em> (zachovan\u00e9 v cit\u00e1toch sv. August\u00edna).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Gr\u00e9cky <em>Kol\u00ednsky Maniho k\u00f3dex<\/em> (autobiografick\u00fd \u00favod k Maniho \u017eivotu a doktr\u00edne).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Na rozdiel od Seti\u00e1nov \u010di Mandejcov manicheizmus v textoch d\u00f4razne odmieta, \u017ee by hmota vznikla ak\u00fdmko\u013evek omylom bo\u017eskej sf\u00e9ry alebo ako defektn\u00fd kon\u0161trukt ni\u017e\u0161ieho stvorite\u013ea. Manichejsk\u00fd dualizmus je absol\u00fatne <strong>ontologick\u00fd<\/strong>. Teol\u00f3gia u\u010d\u00ed o dvoch nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch, nestvoren\u00fdch, od seba \u00faplne oddelen\u00fdch a ve\u010dn\u00fdch princ\u00edpoch:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Svetlo:<\/strong> Identifikovan\u00e9 ako Otec Ve\u013ekosti alebo Boh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Temnota:<\/strong> Hmotn\u00fd svet, ktor\u00e9mu vl\u00e1dne P\u00e1n Temnoty \/ Kr\u00e1\u013e temnoty.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Tieto dve r\u00ed\u0161e existovali paralelne v mieri, a\u017e k\u00fdm Hrani\u010dn\u00e1 Hmota nepoc\u00edtila chamtiv\u00fa t\u00fa\u017ebu a agres\u00edvne neza\u00fato\u010dila na r\u00ed\u0161u Svetla.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"6-1-tok-archontov-a-obeta-prv-ho-loveka\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"61_Utok_Archontov_a_obeta_Prveho_cloveka\"><\/span>6.1. \u00datok Archontov a obeta Prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>R\u00ed\u0161a temnoty, ktor\u00fa spravoval P\u00e1n Temnoty (ozna\u010dovan\u00fd tie\u017e ako Satanas, \u0160ajtan alebo Ahriman \u2013 pod\u013ea cie\u013eov\u00e9ho publika manichejskej misie), pozost\u00e1vala z piatich r\u00ed\u0161, ktor\u00fdm vl\u00e1dlo <strong>p\u00e4\u0165 hroziv\u00fdch d\u00e9monick\u00fdch archontov<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>D\u00e9mon, Drak, Orol, Ryba, Lev.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Podstata tejto r\u00ed\u0161e sa delila na <strong>p\u00e4\u0165 temn\u00fdch elementov<\/strong>: morov\u00fd dych, spa\u013euj\u00faci vietor, temnota, hmla a pohlcuj\u00faci ohe\u0148.<\/p>\r\n<p>Otec Ve\u013ekosti z podstaty svojej \u010distej dobroty nedisponoval zbra\u0148ami a ch\u00fdbala mu schopnos\u0165 priamo sa br\u00e1ni\u0165 zlu. Preto musel siahnu\u0165 k stvoreniu (evok\u00e1ci\u00e1m):<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Vy\u017eiaril zo seba <strong>Matku \u017divota<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Matka \u017divota vy\u017eiarila <strong>Prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka<\/strong> (<em>Primal Man<\/em>, <em>Ohrmizd<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Prv\u00fd \u010dlovek sa obliekol do posv\u00e4tn\u00e9ho &#8220;panciera&#8221; tvoren\u00e9ho <strong>piatimi elementmi Svetla<\/strong> (jasn\u00fd vzduch, osvie\u017euj\u00faci vietor, jasn\u00e9 svetlo, \u017eiv\u00e9 vody, hrejiv\u00fd ohe\u0148) a ako prv\u00fd bojovn\u00edk sa vrhol na hranice do boja s temn\u00fdmi archontmi.<\/p>\r\n<p>In predvolanom boji bol v\u0161ak Prv\u00fd \u010dlovek porazen\u00fd a omr\u00e1\u010den\u00fd. Krvila\u010dn\u00ed archonti pohltili jeho p\u00e4\u0165 sveteln\u00fdch elementov, \u010d\u00edm po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t do\u0161lo k stra\u0161nej kontamin\u00e1cii \u010dist\u00e9ho Svetla toxickou Hmotou. Pr\u00e1ve tento akt obety a pohltenia svetla vytvoril tzv. <strong>&#8220;\u017div\u00fa du\u0161u&#8221;<\/strong> (du\u0161u sveta), ktor\u00e1 je od toho momentu uv\u00e4znen\u00e1, tr\u00e1pen\u00e1 a rozdroben\u00e1 v temnote. To predstavuje esenci\u00e1lnu defin\u00edciu utrpenia v manichejskom univerze.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"6-2-iv-duch-spiritus-vivens-ako-dobr-architekt-a-demiurg-sp-sy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"62_Zivy_Duch_Spiritus_Vivens_ako_dobry_architekt_a_demiurg_spasy\"><\/span>6.2. \u017div\u00fd Duch (<em>Spiritus Vivens<\/em>) ako dobr\u00fd architekt a demiurg sp\u00e1sy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Na tomto mieste doch\u00e1dza k najz\u00e1sadnej\u0161iemu filozofick\u00e9mu odklonu manicheizmu od zvy\u0161ku gnostick\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu:<\/p>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd rozdiel:<\/strong> K\u00fdm u Ofitov \u010di Seti\u00e1nov je Demiurg tvorcom pasce a zl\u00fdm bo\u017estvom, v manicheizme je Demiurg (stvorite\u013e fyzick\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru) <strong>z\u00e1chrancom, nie tyranom<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p>Tento Demiurg sa naz\u00fdva <strong>\u017div\u00fd Duch<\/strong> (<em>Spiritus Vivens<\/em> alebo <em>Mihr-yazad<\/em>) a bol vy\u017eiaren\u00fd Otcom Ve\u013ekosti v procese tzv. &#8220;Druh\u00e9ho stvorenia&#8221; s jasn\u00fdm cie\u013eom: zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 Prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka a extrahova\u0165 uv\u00e4znen\u00e9 svetlo.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u017div\u00fd Duch zost\u00fapil so svojimi piatimi synmi (Str\u00e1\u017eca n\u00e1dhery, Kr\u00e1\u013e cti, Adamas, Kr\u00e1\u013e sl\u00e1vy a Atlas\/Nosite\u013e) a oslobodil Prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka. Zistil v\u0161ak, \u017ee zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 pohlten\u00e9ho svetla (\u017div\u00e1 du\u0161a) zostala uv\u00e4znen\u00e1 v \u017eal\u00fadkoch archontov.<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>               [ PROCES MANICHEJSKEJ SP\u00c1SY ]\r\n                     Otec Ve\u013ekosti\r\n                           \u2502\r\n                     \u017div\u00fd Duch (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Spiritus<\/span> Vivens)\r\n                           \u2502 (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Boj<\/span> a por\u00e1\u017eka Archontov)\r\n      \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n      \u25bc                                         \u25bc\r\nFORMOVANIE MAKROKOZMU                    PROCES DESTIL\u00c1CIE\r\n- <span class=\"hljs-number\">10<\/span> nebesk\u00fdch klenieb (<span class=\"hljs-name\">z<\/span> ko\u017e\u00ed)         Slnko a Mesiac (<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"Lode svetla\"<\/span>)\r\n- Pohoria (<span class=\"hljs-name\">z<\/span> kost\u00ed archontov)           filtruj\u00fa a vracaj\u00fa sveteln\u00e9\r\n- <span class=\"hljs-number\">8<\/span> podsvetia\/zem\u00ed (<span class=\"hljs-name\">z<\/span> m\u00e4sa a v\u00fdkalov)   \u010dastice sp\u00e4\u0165 BOHU.\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Aby \u017div\u00fd Duch vytvoril podmienky na postupn\u00e9 vyslobodenie tejto svetelnej esencie, zosnoval demiurgick\u00fd akt bezprecedentn\u00e9ho rozsahu:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Archontov v boji usmrtil a stiahol z ko\u017ee.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Z ich roztiahnut\u00fdch ko\u017e\u00ed vytvoril <strong>desa\u0165 nebesk\u00fdch klenieb<\/strong>, zverokruh a oblohu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ich kosti pol\u00e1mal a nav\u0155\u0161il, \u010d\u00edm vytvoril <strong>rozsiahle pohoria<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Z ich m\u00e4sa a v\u00fdkalov utla\u010dil a sformoval <strong>osem svetov podsvetia a zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Archanjel <strong>Atlas<\/strong> dr\u017e\u00ed tento svet na svojich pleciach, k\u00fdm <strong>Kr\u00e1\u013e cti<\/strong> nad n\u00edm str\u00e1\u017ei z nebies.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Fyzick\u00fd kozmos je tak v manicheizme obrovsk\u00fdm z\u00e1chrann\u00fdm mechanizmom \u2013 <strong>purifika\u010dnou destila\u010dnou ma\u0161inou<\/strong>. Slnko, Mesiac a hviezdy sl\u00fa\u017eia ako &#8220;lode svetla&#8221;, ktor\u00e9 neust\u00e1le \u0165a\u017eia a filtrovali uv\u00e4znen\u00e9 sveteln\u00e9 \u010dastice z hmoty prostredn\u00edctvom odparovania a vracaj\u00fa ich sp\u00e4\u0165 do nebeskej r\u00ed\u0161e Boha.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"6-3-stvorenie-tiel-ako-d-monick-proti-tok\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"63_Stvorenie_tiel_ako_demonicky_protiutok\"><\/span>6.3. Stvorenie tiel ako d\u00e9monick\u00fd proti\u00fatok<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>K\u00fdm stvorenie makrokozmosu bolo grandi\u00f3znym aktom <em>z\u00e1chrany<\/em> zo strany dobr\u00e9ho Demiurga (\u017div\u00e9ho Ducha), stvorenie \u010dloveka (mikrokozmos Adama a Evy) bolo naopak <strong>z\u00fafal\u00fdm obrann\u00fdm proti\u00fatokom zla<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Temn\u00ed archonti panik\u00e1rili pri poh\u013eade na to, ako ich svetlo prostredn\u00edctvom vesm\u00edrneho mechanizmu op\u00fa\u0161\u0165a. Na podnet Kr\u00e1\u013ea temnoty sa dvaja najsilnej\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9moni (<strong>Sakla<\/strong> a <strong>Nebroel<\/strong>) sp\u00e1rili. Cez ohavn\u00fd pohlavn\u00fd styk a po\u017eieranie ostatn\u00fdch d\u00e9monov v sebe skoncentrovali zvy\u0161ky najlep\u0161ieho svetla a vymodelovali \u013eudsk\u00e9 tel\u00e1, do ktor\u00fdch ho uzamkli.<\/p>\r\n<p>D\u00e9moni uv\u00e4znili do mal\u00e9ho, smrte\u013en\u00e9ho tela najkoncentrovanej\u0161iu bo\u017esk\u00fa sveteln\u00fa du\u0161u. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu podliehaj\u00fa v manicheizme pr\u00edsnemu odsudku ur\u010dit\u00e9 mechanizmy:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Biologick\u00e9 rozmno\u017eovanie a pohlavn\u00fd styk:<\/strong> S\u00fa vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako n\u00e1stroj Kr\u00e1\u013ea temnoty. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 narodenie die\u0165a\u0165a znamen\u00e1, \u017ee bo\u017esk\u00e9 svetlo je op\u00e4tovne rozdroben\u00e9, uv\u00e4znen\u00e9 a zrieden\u00e9 v novej d\u00e9monickej hmote.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>\u013dudsk\u00e9 telo (<em>nas\u0101<\/em>):<\/strong> Je klasifikovan\u00e9 ako \u017eij\u00faca m\u0155tvola a gener\u00e1tor il\u00fazi\u00ed, v ktorej trp\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e1 du\u0161a (<em>gy\u0101n<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prax Vyvolen\u00fdch (<em>Electi<\/em>):<\/strong> Sp\u00e1su dosahovala elita komunity prostredn\u00edctvom pr\u00edsnej ask\u00e9zy \u2013 celib\u00e1tu, vegetari\u00e1nstva (vyh\u00fdbali sa aj zberu rastl\u00edn, aby nezranili svetlo v nich) a absol\u00fatneho nen\u00e1silia.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"7-bogomilovia-a-katari-zmiernen-dualizmus-a-p-d-satanaela\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Bogomilovia_a_Katari_Zmierneny_dualizmus_a_pad_Satanaela\"><\/span>7. Bogomilovia a Katari: Zmiernen\u00fd dualizmus a p\u00e1d Satanaela<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>V 10. a\u017e 13. storo\u010d\u00ed sa esencia antikosmick\u00e9ho dualizmu dramaticky vr\u00e1tila na eur\u00f3psku sc\u00e9nu v podobe masov\u00fdch hnut\u00ed:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Bogomilov:<\/strong> P\u00f4sobiacich na Balk\u00e1ne (Tr\u00e1cia, Bulharsko, Bosna).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Katarov (Albig\u00e9ncov):<\/strong> P\u00f4sobiacich v Lombardsku a najm\u00e4 v okcit\u00e1nskom ju\u017enom Franc\u00fazsku.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Hoci ich cirkevn\u00e1 propaganda ozna\u010dovala za &#8220;Novomanichejcov&#8221;, modern\u00fd v\u00fdskum textov ako <strong>Kniha tajnej ve\u010dere<\/strong> (<em>Interrogatio Iohannis<\/em>) a <strong>Izai\u00e1\u0161ovo videnie<\/strong> (<em>Visio Isaiae<\/em>) dokazuje, \u017ee stredovek\u00ed dualisti disponovali vlastnou teol\u00f3giou. T\u00e1 nadv\u00e4zovala na staroslovienske apokryfy a u\u010denie arm\u00e9nskych pauliki\u00e1nov.<\/p>\r\n<p>Bogomilovia a umiernen\u00e1 vetva katarov (<em>concorezzania<\/em>) vyzn\u00e1vali <strong>zmiernen\u00fd (monarchistick\u00fd) dualizmus<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dobro a Zlo <strong>nie s\u00fa<\/strong> odvek\u00e9 rovnocenn\u00e9 princ\u00edpy.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Existuje len jeden Zvrchovan\u00fd Boh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Princ\u00edp Zla vznikol a\u017e sekund\u00e1rne \u2013 vzburou a p\u00e1dom stvorenej, p\u00f4vodne dokonalej bytosti.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"7-1-kniha-tajnej-ve-ere-interrogatio-iohannis-a-p-vod-zla\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"71_Kniha_tajnej_vecere_Interrogatio_Iohannis_a_povod_Zla\"><\/span>7.1. <em>Kniha tajnej ve\u010dere<\/em> (<em>Interrogatio Iohannis<\/em>) a p\u00f4vod Zla<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm autentick\u00fdm textom tohto hnutia je <em>Interrogatio Iohannis<\/em> (<em>Tajn\u00e1 kniha katarov<\/em> \/ <em>Tajn\u00e1 kniha bogomilov<\/em>). Je koncipovan\u00e1 ako tajn\u00fd dial\u00f3g medzi apo\u0161tolom J\u00e1nom a Kristom po\u010das Poslednej ve\u010dere. Rukopis priniesol koncom 12. storo\u010dia katarsk\u00fd biskup Nazarius z Bulharska do z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3py.<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>               [ TRAG\u00c9DIA SATANAELA ]\r\n                   Zvrchovan\u00fd Boh\r\n                         \u2502\r\n            Satanael (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Prvoroden\u00fd<\/span> anjel)\r\n                         \u2502\r\n                 P\u00e1d pre p\u00fdchu\r\n    (<span class=\"hljs-name\">S\u013euboval<\/span> anjelom zru\u0161enie dan\u00ed a slobodu)\r\n                         \u2502\r\n           Strata bo\u017eskej pr\u00edpony <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"-el\"<\/span>\r\n                         \u2502\r\n                 SATAN (<span class=\"hljs-name\">Demiurg<\/span>)\r\n                         \u2502\r\n    \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n    \u25bc                                         \u25bc\r\nSTVORENIE ZEME                     \u00daSPOKOJENIE ANJELOV\r\n(<span class=\"hljs-name\">7<\/span> dn\u00ed\/e\u00f3nov vl\u00e1dy)                Inscenovanie tiel z hliny<span class=\"hljs-comment\">;<\/span>\r\n                                   uv\u00e4znenie anjelov v tel\u00e1ch.\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>V tomto spise Kristus vysvet\u013euje, \u017ee <strong>Satan (p\u00f4vodne Satanael)<\/strong> bol Bytos\u0165ou \u010distej l\u00e1sky a najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm spr\u00e1vcom Pler\u00f3my. Jeho p\u00e1d nenastal pre omyl, ale pre p\u00fdchu:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Satanael zat\u00fa\u017eil pozdvihn\u00fa\u0165 svoj tr\u00f3n nad Boha.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Obch\u00e1dzal anjelov nebesk\u00fdch vrstiev a presvied\u010dal ich na vzburu pr\u00eds\u013eubom, \u017ee im odpust\u00ed dane a daruje slobodu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Po odhalen\u00ed vzbury ho Boh zvrhol do priepasti a odobral mu bo\u017esk\u00fa pr\u00edponu &#8220;-el&#8221;, \u010d\u00edm z neho spravil <strong>Satana<\/strong> (protivn\u00edka).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Satan stratil \u017eiariv\u00fa anjelsk\u00fa podobu, stmavol a jeho tv\u00e1r &#8220;stvrdla ako roztaven\u00e9 \u017eelezo&#8221;.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 id=\"7-2-satanael-ako-demiurg-p-n-zeme-a-v-znite-anjelov\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"72_Satanael_ako_Demiurg_Pan_Zeme_a_vaznitel_anjelov\"><\/span>7.2. Satanael ako Demiurg, P\u00e1n Zeme a v\u00e4znite\u013e anjelov<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Na rozdiel od seti\u00e1nskeho Demiurga, ktor\u00fd tvor\u00ed z nevedomosti, Satanael tvor\u00ed <strong>zo zrady a pomsty<\/strong>. Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed Boh mu v\u0161ak udeli milos\u0165 \u2013 \u010dasov\u00e9 okno siedmich dn\u00ed (e\u00f3nov), po\u010das ktor\u00fdch mohol tvori\u0165.<\/p>\r\n<p>Satanael sa zmocnil chaosu a od tretieho neba nadol vytvoril hmotn\u00fd svet (Zem). T\u00fdm prebral \u00falohu falo\u0161n\u00e9ho, krut\u00e9ho P\u00e1na (Hospodina Star\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona). Aby si vytvoril poddan\u00fdch, vytvaroval z hliny tel\u00e1 Adama a Evy, no nedok\u00e1zal ich o\u017eivi\u0165.<\/p>\r\n<p>Pou\u017eil preto pref\u00edkan\u00fa les\u0165:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>S\u013e\u00fabil zvrhnut\u00fdm anjelom, \u017ee ak vojd\u00fa do hlinen\u00fdch tiel, vd\u00fdchnu im \u017eivot a nesk\u00f4r sa vr\u00e1tia do neba.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Anjela z Tretieho neba vlo\u017eil do tela mu\u017ea a druh\u00e9ho do tela \u017eeny, ktorej dal na hlavu korunu z t\u0155nia (symbol trpenia v hmote).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee anjeli v tel\u00e1ch odmietali plodi\u0165 potomstvo, Satan vytvoril zo svojej sliny dlh\u00e9ho hada, skryl sa v \u0148om a <strong>zvodom Evy (cez sexu\u00e1lny akt)<\/strong> vyvolal prvotn\u00fd hriech. Pod\u013ea textu poch\u00e1dza Kain a prv\u00e9 potomstvo priamo zo spojenia Satana s Evou. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu pova\u017eovali bogomilovia a katari \u013eudstvo za degenerovan\u00e9 potomstvo diabla a hada. Du\u0161e v tel\u00e1ch nie s\u00fa ni\u010d\u00edm in\u00fdm ne\u017e padl\u00fdmi anjelmi uv\u00e4znen\u00fdmi v neust\u00e1lom cykle reinkarn\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"7-3-odmietanie-r-mskych-sviatost-a-radik-lna-prax-consolamentum-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"73_Odmietanie_rimskych_sviatosti_a_radikalna_prax_Consolamentum\"><\/span>7.3. Odmietanie r\u00edmskych sviatost\u00ed a radik\u00e1lna prax <em>Consolamentum<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Z nekompromisn\u00e9ho antikosmick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska s\u00fa v\u0161etky ritu\u00e1ly vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face hmotn\u00e9 substancie (voda, chlieb, v\u00edno, olej) vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako znesv\u00e4tenie Ducha hmotou:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Vodn\u00fd krst:<\/strong> Vodn\u00fd krst J\u00e1na Krstite\u013ea bol pova\u017eovan\u00fd za n\u00e1stroj Satanaela (Demiurga) na hlb\u0161ie zviazanie du\u0161\u00ed s hmotou.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prav\u00fd krst (<em>Consolamentum<\/em>):<\/strong> Jedin\u00fd platn\u00fd krst je duchovn\u00fd \u2013 vykon\u00e1van\u00fd kladen\u00edm r\u00fak Dokonal\u00fdch (<em>Perfecti<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Omietnutie Eucharistie a man\u017eelstva:<\/strong> Chlieb je hmota a man\u017eelstvo je len legalizovan\u00e1 reprodukcia, ktor\u00e1 nap\u013a\u0148a Satanaelov pr\u00edkaz uv\u00e4znova\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edch anjelov.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Stravovacie re\u0161trikcie:<\/strong> Dokonal\u00ed katari \u017eili v celib\u00e1te a striktne sa vyh\u00fdbali m\u00e4su, vajciam a mlieku (v\u0161etk\u00e9mu, \u010do vzniklo pohlavn\u00fdm stykom). Jedinou v\u00fdnimkou boli ryby, o ktor\u00fdch sa mylne domnievali, \u017ee sa rodia asexu\u00e1lne z vody.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"8-s-hrnn-filozofick-zhodnotenie-gnostickej-teodicey\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Suhrnne_filozoficke_zhodnotenie_gnostickej_teodicey\"><\/span>8. S\u00fahrnn\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 zhodnotenie gnostickej teodicey<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Gnostick\u00e9 a manichejsk\u00e9 u\u010denia o Demiurgovi (Jaldabaoth, Ptahil, \u017div\u00fd Duch, Satanael) predstavuj\u00fa hlbok\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 teodicey \u2013 odpovede na ot\u00e1zku, pre\u010do v stvorenom svete existuje zlo a utrpenie. K\u00fdm pravovern\u00fd judaizmus a kres\u0165anstvo pripisuj\u00fa vinu za rozpad dokonalosti \u010dloveku a jeho slobodnej v\u00f4li, gnostici <strong>presunuli pln\u00fa zodpovednos\u0165 nahor \u2013 na samotn\u00fa stvorite\u013esk\u00fa entitu<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"porovn-vav-tabu-ka-gnostick-ch-modelov-zla-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Porovnavava_tabulka_gnostickych_modelov_Zla\"><\/span>Porovn\u00e1vav\u00e1 tabu\u013eka gnostick\u00fdch modelov Zla:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Trad\u00edcia \/ Pr\u00fad<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Bytos\u0165 Demiurga<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">P\u00f4vod Zla a Hmoty<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00daloha Fyzick\u00e9ho Kozmu<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Seti\u00e1ni a Mandejci<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Jaldabaoth \/ Ptahil<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Ontologick\u00e1 chyba:<\/strong> D\u00f4sledok nevedomosti alebo limitovan\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed stvorite\u013ea.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Temn\u00e9 v\u00e4zenie (Seti\u00e1ni) alebo nedokon\u010den\u00fd, kompromitovan\u00fd svet (Mandejci).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Manicheizmus<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u017div\u00fd Duch<\/strong> <em>(Spiritus Vivens)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Ve\u010dn\u00e1 opoz\u00edcia:<\/strong> Agres\u00edvny \u00fatok samostatnej R\u00ed\u0161e Temnoty na Svetlo.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Purifika\u010dn\u00e1 ma\u0161ina:<\/strong> Dielo <em>dobr\u00e9ho<\/em> Demiurga na filtrovanie svetla z tiel d\u00e9monov.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Bogomilovia a Katari<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Satanael<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Mocensk\u00e1 vzbura:<\/strong> P\u00fdcha prvoroden\u00e9ho anjela a jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00fd p\u00e1d.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">N\u00e1stroj tyranie a pomsty na uv\u00e4znenie padl\u00fdch anjelsk\u00fdch du\u0161\u00ed.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3 id=\"z-vere-n-zhrnutie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zaverecne_zhrnutie\"><\/span>Z\u00e1vere\u010dn\u00e9 zhrnutie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Napriek teologick\u00fdm odch\u00fdlkam prech\u00e1dza v\u0161etk\u00fdmi gnostick\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mami jednotiaca my\u0161lienka: <strong>Sp\u00e1sa spo\u010d\u00edva v radik\u00e1lnom vysloboden\u00ed bo\u017eskej iskry (ducha) z hmoty a biologick\u00e9ho tela.<\/strong> Fyzick\u00fd svet nikdy nebol milovan\u00fdm dielom P\u00e1na, ale temn\u00fdm \u017eal\u00e1rom zviazan\u00fdm falo\u0161n\u00fdm Z\u00e1konom. \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043dou cestou k \u00faniku bola pr\u00edsna ask\u00e9za a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm <strong>Gn\u00f3za<\/strong> \u2013 neotriasute\u013en\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 rozpam\u00e4tanie sa na svoju identitu \u010dist\u00e9ho Ducha, poch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho z nekone\u010dn\u00e9ho Sveta Svetla mimo hran\u00edc hmotn\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\r\n<h1 id=\"ontol-gia-zla-a-nevedomosti-v-gnostick-ch-trad-ci-ch\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ontologia_zla_a_nevedomosti_v_gnostickych_tradiciach\"><\/span>Ontol\u00f3gia zla a nevedomosti v gnostick\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-ontol-gia-omylu-a-nevedomosti-s-tianska-klasick-gnostick-trad-cia-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Ontologia_omylu_a_nevedomosti_Setianska_Klasicka_gnosticka_tradicia\"><\/span>1. Ontol\u00f3gia omylu a nevedomosti (S\u00e9tianska \/ Klasick\u00e1 gnostick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Zlo v tomto syst\u00e9me nem\u00e1 vlastn\u00fa absol\u00fatnu a ve\u010dn\u00fa podstatu, ale figuruje ako ontologick\u00fd deficit. Rovnako ako tie\u0148 nie je hmotn\u00fdm objektom, ale len absenciou svetla, tak aj zlo zosobnen\u00e9 v Demiurgovi Jaldabaothovi je len absenciou dokonal\u00e9ho bo\u017esk\u00e9ho porozumenia. Hmota a archontick\u00fd \u00fatlak nevznikli z premyslen\u00e9ho de\u0161trukt\u00edvneho pl\u00e1nu diabla, ale zo z\u00fafalej slepoty Demiurga, ktor\u00fd sa sna\u017eil imitova\u0165 nezrozumite\u013en\u00fa bo\u017esk\u00fa sf\u00e9ru Pler\u00f3my <a href=\"https:\/\/library.biblicalarchaeology.org\/sidebar\/gnosticism-101-the-apocryphon-of-john\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gnosis.org\/naghamm\/apocjn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/astrallibrary.com\/disciple-of-light\/gnostic-disciple\/the-demiurge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a>. Ke\u010f\u017ee prvotn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom bola nevedomos\u0165 stvorite\u013ea, cestou k sp\u00e1se nie je etick\u00e9 pok\u00e1nie (zmena spr\u00e1vania v hmote), ale <strong>Gn\u00f3za<\/strong> \u2013 transcendentn\u00e9 prebudenie sa z il\u00fazie a uistenie du\u0161e o jej vy\u0161\u0161om p\u00f4vode <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarsarchive.byu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3764&amp;context=byusq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/astrallibrary.com\/disciple-of-light\/gnostic-disciple\/the-demiurge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-podriaden-spravodlivos-valentini-nska-trad-cia-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Podriadena_spravodlivost_Valentinianska_tradicia\"><\/span>2. Podriaden\u00e1 spravodlivos\u0165 (Valentini\u00e1nska trad\u00edcia)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Valentini\u00e1ni odmietli radik\u00e1lnu d\u00e9moniz\u00e1ciu kozmu. Hmotn\u00fd svet pre nich nebol vyslovene zl\u00fdm potratom a Demiurg nebol py\u0161n\u00fdm nepriate\u013eom Boha. Hmotn\u00fd svet bol vn\u00edman\u00fd sk\u00f4r ako nevyhnutn\u00e1 eduka\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00f3na, \u0161kola du\u0161\u00ed usporiadan\u00e1 pod\u013ea pr\u00edsnej spravodlivosti. Zlo existuje, no prim\u00e1rne kv\u00f4li nedokonalosti a obmedzenosti materi\u00e1lnej (hylickej) podstaty a em\u00f3ci\u00ed padlej Sofie. Demiurg, hoci obmedzen\u00fd, kon\u00e1 spravodlivo a v nevedomosti nap\u013a\u0148a pr\u00edkazy bo\u017esk\u00e9ho Loga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/Gnostic\/comments\/1iqcw3x\/the_valentinian_demiurge_is_not_yaldabaoth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gnosis.org\/library\/valentinus\/Demiurge.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a>. Tento poh\u013ead predstavuje prepracovan\u00fd emana\u010dn\u00fd monizmus s prvkami dualizmu, ktor\u00fd dok\u00e1zal tolerova\u0165 materi\u00e1lny svet ako do\u010dasn\u00fd a prechodn\u00fd fenom\u00e9n.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"3-vedom-malignita-agresia-a-boj-manichejsk-a-bogomilsk-trad-cia-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Vedoma_malignita_agresia_a_boj_Manichejska_a_bogomilska_tradicia\"><\/span>3. Vedom\u00e1 malignita, agresia a boj (Manichejsk\u00e1 a bogomilsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Tieto neskor\u0161ie pr\u00fady prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa k plne rozvinut\u00e9mu dualizmu, kde hmota a fyzick\u00fd svet s\u00fa plne a absol\u00fatne stoto\u017enen\u00e9 s temnotou, vedomou agresiou a in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnou mocou zameranou na permanentn\u00fa de\u0161trukciu du\u0161e a Ducha.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Manicheizmus:<\/strong> Kr\u00e1\u013e Temnoty (Zlo) je rovnako ve\u010dn\u00fd a prvotn\u00fd ako Otec Ve\u013ekosti (Dobro). Svet nie je chybou Demiurga, ale vedom\u00fdm bitevn\u00fdm po\u013eom \u2013 gigantick\u00fdm z\u00e1chrann\u00fdm strojom vytvoren\u00fdm po inv\u00e1zii temnoty na separ\u00e1ciu sveteln\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc, ktor\u00e9 diabol v panike prehltol a uv\u00e4znil v biol\u00f3gii prostredn\u00edctvom d\u00e9monick\u00e9ho p\u00e1renia <a href=\"https:\/\/biblehub.com\/q\/what&#039;s_manichaeism&#039;s_dualism.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Bogomili a Katari:<\/strong> U bulharsk\u00fdch a katarsk\u00fdch Bogomilov nach\u00e1dzame podobne siln\u00fd soci\u00e1lny a kozmick\u00fd vzdor. Svet je tu priamym, vypo\u010d\u00edtav\u00fdm produktom rebeluj\u00faceho Boha-Satanaela, ktor\u00fd \u00famyselne vybudoval utl\u00e1\u010date\u013esk\u00fd syst\u00e9m (kam zahrnuli vidite\u013en\u00e9 cirkvi, \u0161t\u00e1ty, majetok a patriarch\u00e1lnu spolo\u010dnos\u0165) a prostredn\u00edctvom telesnej sexuality chcel natrvalo uv\u00e4zni\u0165 du\u0161e anjelov vo svojom kolobehu <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_the_Secret_Supper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[44]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasscal.com\/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha\/questions-of-john\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[47]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/religion.fandom.com\/wiki\/Bogomilism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[53]<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQExhGjcZYhGnaFGUYyBF--46i1XZqx1cGj6OI8R_T_zFVaSn-NaeotHTwJbtgexPwVSqvlYVGfjiZm8NCidBoJyzb4Y0NH7cBLHMv8a0TkzZfXd70D7Ue4tdJDAVOJsxQ1swI75Gn_wgrAIZm7PpYRLEkIyua9XWjunBjA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[55]<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Obe tieto dualistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 programovo odmietali in\u0161titucion\u00e1lne n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 r\u00ed\u0161e a Star\u00fd z\u00e1kon, nako\u013eko verili, \u017ee k\u0148azi v chr\u00e1moch nevedomky ctia krvila\u010dn\u00e9ho Satanaela a Princa temnoty (Demiurga), a nie prav\u00e9ho skryt\u00e9ho Boha nevidite\u013enej l\u00e1sky.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"z-ver\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zaver\"><\/span>Z\u00e1ver<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Z detailnej exeg\u00e9zy p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch spisov z Nag Hamm\u00e1d\u00ed, manichejsk\u00fdch fragmentov z Turfanu \u010di posv\u00e4tn\u00fdch textov katarov a bogomilov jasne vypl\u00fdva jedno \u00fastredn\u00e9 spolo\u010dn\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno filozofie: vidite\u013en\u00fd hmotn\u00fd svet so svojimi z\u00e1konmi pre\u017eitia, determinizmom a hierarchiou je zvrchovanou dom\u00e9nou ni\u017e\u0161ieho, pr\u00edsneho, \u010di priamo zl\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dcu (Demiurga \/ Archontov). Fyzick\u00e9 telo je biologick\u00fdm v\u00e4zen\u00edm ukovan\u00fdm v temnote.<\/p>\r\n<p>Skuto\u010dn\u00fdm eschatologick\u00fdm poslan\u00edm \u013eudstva preto nie je reformova\u0165 tento padl\u00fd svet, ani sa uspokoji\u0165 s jeho vl\u00e1dcom, ale rozozna\u0165 v sebe utajen\u00fa bo\u017esk\u00fa iskru svetla. Vyk\u00fapenie pre gnostika nespo\u010d\u00edvalo v slepej poslu\u0161nosti z\u00e1konnom demiurgickej r\u00ed\u0161e, ale v <strong>Gn\u00f3ze<\/strong> \u2013 v hlbokom, revolu\u010dnom vn\u00fatornom poznan\u00ed svojho skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu, ktor\u00e9 jedin\u00e9 umo\u017en\u00ed du\u0161i pretrhn\u00fa\u0165 put\u00e1 znovuzroden\u00ed, unikn\u00fa\u0165 z dosahu archontov a navr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa k dokonal\u00e9mu, nepochopite\u013en\u00e9mu a nekone\u010dn\u00e9mu Svetlu Otca.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"pou-it-zdroje-a-webov-odkazy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pouzite_zdroje_a_webove_odkazy\"><\/span>Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje a webov\u00e9 odkazy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/library.biblicalarchaeology.org\/sidebar\/gnosticism-101-the-apocryphon-of-john\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biblicalarchaeology.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholarsarchive.byu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3764&amp;context=byusq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">byu.edu<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gnosis.org\/naghamm\/apocjn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Odkaz na \u0161t\u00fadiu \/ Astrallibrary<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/astrallibrary.com\/disciple-of-light\/gnostic-disciple\/the-demiurge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">astrallibrary.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/Gnostic\/comments\/1iqcw3x\/the_valentinian_demiurge_is_not_yaldabaoth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reddit.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gnosis.org\/library\/valentinus\/Demiurge.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gnosis.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/biblehub.com\/q\/what&#039;s_manichaeism&#039;s_dualism.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biblehub.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_the_Secret_Supper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasscal.com\/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha\/questions-of-john\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nasscal.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/religion.fandom.com\/wiki\/Bogomilism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fandom.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQExhGjcZYhGnaFGUYyBF--46i1XZqx1cGj6OI8R_T_zFVaSn-NaeotHTwJbtgexPwVSqvlYVGfjiZm8NCidBoJyzb4Y0NH7cBLHMv8a0TkzZfXd70D7Ue4tdJDAVOJsxQ1swI75Gn_wgrAIZm7PpYRLEkIyua9XWjunBjA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">patheos.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ak\u00e9 spisy gnostikov a od gnostikov sa zachovali (nielen popis ich kritikov)? &nbsp;Viac ako tis\u00edcp\u00e4\u0165sto rokov boli jedin\u00fdm zdrojom inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o gnosticizme len spisy cirkevn\u00fdch otcov (kritikov), ktor\u00ed proti nemu bojovali (napr. sv. Irenej z Lyonu, sv. Hipolyt R\u00edmsky \u010di sv. Epifanios). T\u00ed gnostick\u00e9 texty citovali len selekt\u00edvne, aby ich mohli teologicky vyvr\u00e1ti\u0165. Tento stav &#8230; <a title=\"M\u00e1lo zn\u00e1me fakty o gnostikoch. Ich hist\u00f3ria a filozofia\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/sk\/malo-zname-fakty-o-gnostikoch-ich-historia-a-filozofia\/\" aria-label=\"Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si viac o M\u00e1lo zn\u00e1me fakty o gnostikoch. Ich hist\u00f3ria a filozofia\">\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-meditacia"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3579"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3585,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3579\/revisions\/3585"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/meditacia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}