{"id":3793,"date":"2026-07-28T19:20:19","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T17:20:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/?p=3793"},"modified":"2026-07-28T20:14:54","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T18:14:54","slug":"cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/","title":{"rendered":"Cirkev disponovala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estvom nevo\u013en\u00edkov \/ poddan\u00fdch ako panovn\u00edk"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#1_Uvedenie_dani_na_pravu_mieru_Desiatok_vs_Devatok\" >1. Uvedenie dan\u00ed na prav\u00fa mieru: Desiatok vs. Dev\u00e4tok<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#2_Porovnanie_majetku_Kto_bol_bohatsi_%E2%80%93_Cirkev_alebo_Kral\" >2. Porovnanie majetku: Kto bol bohat\u0161\u00ed \u2013 Cirkev alebo Kr\u00e1\u013e?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#A_Vlastnictvo_pody_Agrarne_bohatstvo\" >A. Vlastn\u00edctvo p\u00f4dy (Agr\u00e1rne bohatstvo)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#B_Financne_a_strategicke_zdroje_Makroekonomika\" >B. Finan\u010dn\u00e9 a strategick\u00e9 zdroje (Makroekonomika)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#3_Priklad_z_Habsburskej_monarchie_Reformy_Jozefa_II\" >3. Pr\u00edklad z Habsburskej monarchie: Reformy Jozefa II.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Analyza_hospodarskej_institucionalnej_a_danovej_architektury_v_Habsburskej_monarchii_a_europskych_panovnickych_systemoch\" >Anal\u00fdza hospod\u00e1rskej, in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnej a da\u0148ovej architekt\u00fary v Habsburskej monarchii a eur\u00f3pskych panovn\u00edckych syst\u00e9moch<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#1_Makroekonomicky_kontext_Koncentracia_85_HDP_v_polnohospodarstve\" >1. Makroekonomick\u00fd kontext: Koncentr\u00e1cia 85 % HDP v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Malthusianska_pasca_a_strukturalna_rigidita\" >Malthusi\u00e1nska pasca a \u0161truktur\u00e1lna rigidita<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Rozdelenie_monarchie_Jadro_a_vnutorna_periferia\" >Rozdelenie monarchie: Jadro a vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 perif\u00e9ria<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#2_Majetkova_komparacia_Cirkev_verzus_Panovnik\" >2. Majetkov\u00e1 kompar\u00e1cia: Cirkev verzus Panovn\u00edk<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Cirkev_a_institut_%E2%80%9EMrtvej_ruky%E2%80%9C_Mortmain\" >Cirkev a in\u0161tit\u00fat \u201eM\u0155tvej ruky\u201c (Mortmain)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Majetok_Habsburskej_dynastie_a_bremeno_statneho_dlhu\" >Majetok Habsburskej dynastie a bremeno \u0161t\u00e1tneho dlhu<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#3_Fiskalny_aparat_panovnika_Ako_fungovali_kralovske_dane\" >3. Fi\u0161k\u00e1lny apar\u00e1t panovn\u00edka: Ako fungovali kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 dane?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Nepriame_a_regalne_prijmy_Camerale\" >Nepriame a reg\u00e1lne pr\u00edjmy (Camerale)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Priame_vojnove_dane_Contributionale\" >Priame vojnov\u00e9 dane (Contributionale)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#4_Cirkevny_desiatok_Decima_Realita_10_zdanenia_urody\" >4. Cirkevn\u00fd desiatok (Decima): Realita 10 % zdanenia \u00farody<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Rozdelenie_a_exempcie_z_desiatku\" >Rozdelenie a exempcie z desiatku<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#5_Zemepansky_deviatok_a_mytus_panskych_verejnych_sluzieb\" >5. Zemep\u00e1nsky deviatok a m\u00fdtus pansk\u00fdch verejn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Odvod_Deviatku_Nona\" >Odvod Deviatku (Nona)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Rozdelenie_uloh_Kto_staval_verejne_statky\" >Rozdelenie \u00faloh: Kto staval verejn\u00e9 statky?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#6_Realita_bezplatnej_prace_Nevolnictvo_poddanstvo_a_Robota\" >6. Realita bezplatnej pr\u00e1ce: Nevo\u013en\u00edctvo, poddanstvo a Robota<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Postupne_reformy_a_oslobodenie\" >Postupn\u00e9 reformy a oslobodenie<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/#Synteza_a_dosledky\" >Synt\u00e9za a d\u00f4sledky<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3794\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3794\" style=\"width: 973px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/majetky_cirkvi-983x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"983\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-image-3794 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/majetky_cirkvi-983x1024.png 983w, https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/majetky_cirkvi-288x300.png 288w, https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/majetky_cirkvi-768x800.png 768w, https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/majetky_cirkvi-1475x1536.png 1475w, https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/majetky_cirkvi.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3794\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Majetky cirkvi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><br \/>\r\nHabsbursk\u00e1 monarchia alebo in\u00e9 monarchie \u010di kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 panovn\u00edcke syst\u00e9my. Disponovala cirkev v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako panovn\u00edk? <br \/>\r\nCirkev mala jednu tretinu pozemkov na ktorej pracovali viacmenej zadarmo nevo\u013en\u00edci, poddan\u00ed. 10% dan\u00ed z \u00farody mala cirkev na \u00faplne v\u0161etky pozemky. <br \/>\r\nPanovn\u00edk vyberal len 9% dan\u00ed. <br \/>\r\nDisponovala cirkev v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako panovn\u00edk?<br \/>\r\n<\/span><span><\/span>Ot\u00e1zka, \u010di cirkev disponovala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako panovn\u00edk v r\u00edmsko-nemeckej r\u00ed\u0161i, Habsburskej monarchii \u010di in\u00fdch eur\u00f3pskych kr\u00e1\u013eovstv\u00e1ch, je zlo\u017eit\u00e1. Odpove\u010f znie: <strong>V ur\u010dit\u00fdch obdobiach a z h\u013eadiska \u010dist\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva p\u00f4dy a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskeho bohatstva \u00e1no, cirkev (ako celok) \u010dasto vlastnila viac ako samotn\u00fd panovn\u00edk.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>Pre presn\u00e9 pochopenie tejto majetkovej dynamiky je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 uvies\u0165 na prav\u00fa mieru historick\u00e9 fakty o daniach a vysvetli\u0165 rozdiely v zdrojoch pr\u00edjmov cirkvi a kr\u00e1\u013ea.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-uvedenie-dan-na-prav-mieru-desiatok-vs-dev-tok\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Uvedenie_dani_na_pravu_mieru_Desiatok_vs_Devatok\"><\/span>1. Uvedenie dan\u00ed na prav\u00fa mieru: Desiatok vs. Dev\u00e4tok<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Vo va\u0161ej ot\u00e1zke spom\u00ednate 10 % da\u0148 pre cirkev a 9 % pre panovn\u00edka. V kontexte strednej Eur\u00f3py (najm\u00e4 Uhorska a Habsburskej monarchie) tu v\u0161ak existuje d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd historicko-pr\u00e1vny rozdiel:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cirkevn\u00fd desiatok (<em>desiatok<\/em> \/ <em>decima<\/em>):<\/strong> Skuto\u010dne predstavoval <strong>10 % z po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej \u00farody<\/strong> (obilie, v\u00edno) a pr\u00edrastku dom\u00e1ceho zvieratstva. Platili ho v\u0161etci poddan\u00ed na v\u0161etk\u00fdch pozemkoch (svetsk\u00fdch aj cirkevn\u00fdch) [cite: 11, 40].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Zemep\u00e1nsky dev\u00e4tok (<em>dev\u00e4tok<\/em> \/ <em>nonaginta<\/em>):<\/strong> T\u00fdchto <strong>9 % neodovzd\u00e1val poddan\u00fd panovn\u00edkovi, ale svojmu svetsk\u00e9mu zemep\u00e1novi<\/strong> (\u0161\u013eachticovi, ve\u013emo\u017eovi). V Uhorsku ho uz\u00e1konil kr\u00e1\u013e \u013dudov\u00edt I. Ve\u013ek\u00fd v roku 1351.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><em>Ako fungovala matematika v praxi?<\/em> Ak poddan\u00fd zo\u017eal 100 vriec obilia, najprv odovzdal 10 vriec (10 %) cirkvi ako desiatok [cite: 11]. Zo zvy\u0161n\u00fdch 90 vriec musel odovzda\u0165 9 vriec (\u010do je presne 9 % z p\u00f4vodnej stovky, alebo 10 % zo zvy\u0161ku) svojmu zemep\u00e1novi ako dev\u00e4tok. Poddan\u00e9mu zostalo 81 vriec.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Dane pre panovn\u00edka (kr\u00e1\u013ea):<\/strong> Panovn\u00edk spravidla nevyberal percentu\u00e1lnu da\u0148 z \u00farody (ako cirkev alebo \u0161\u013eachta). Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e1 da\u0148 bola <strong>priama pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e1 da\u0148<\/strong> (v Uhorsku napr\u00edklad da\u0148 od porty\/br\u00e1ny, nesk\u00f4r vojnov\u00e1 da\u0148). Kr\u00e1\u013e okrem toho ovl\u00e1dal nepriame dane \u2013 najm\u00e4 <strong>tridsiatok<\/strong> (<em>tricesima<\/em> \u2013 3,3 % clo z dovozu a v\u00fdvozu tovaru) a \u0161t\u00e1tne monopoly.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"2-porovnanie-majetku-kto-bol-bohat-cirkev-alebo-kr-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Porovnanie_majetku_Kto_bol_bohatsi_%E2%80%93_Cirkev_alebo_Kral\"><\/span>2. Porovnanie majetku: Kto bol bohat\u0161\u00ed \u2013 Cirkev alebo Kr\u00e1\u013e?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Porovnanie komplikuje skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee k\u00fdm panovn\u00edk bol jedna osoba s jednou pokladnicou, \u201ecirkev\u201c nebola jednotn\u00e1 korpor\u00e1cia s jedn\u00fdm bankov\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dtom. Majetok cirkvi bol rozdroben\u00fd medzi tis\u00edce subjektov \u2013 diec\u00e9zy, bohat\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tory, kapituly a farnosti [cite: 16].<\/p>\r\n<p>Ak v\u0161ak porovn\u00e1me <strong>kolekt\u00edvny majetok cirkvi<\/strong> s <strong>priamym majetkom panovn\u00edka<\/strong>, dostaneme zauj\u00edmav\u00fd obraz:<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"a-vlastn-ctvo-p-dy-agr-rne-bohatstvo-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Vlastnictvo_pody_Agrarne_bohatstvo\"><\/span>A. Vlastn\u00edctvo p\u00f4dy (Agr\u00e1rne bohatstvo)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>V stredoveku a ranom novoveku p\u00f4da predstavovala hlavn\u00fd zdroj bohatstva [cite: 2, 7].<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fd majetok (dom\u00e9na):<\/strong> Kr\u00e1li v priebehu storo\u010d\u00ed postupne chudobneli z h\u013eadiska vlastn\u00edctva p\u00f4dy. Aby si zabezpe\u010dili vernos\u0165 \u0161\u013eachty a vojska, rozd\u00e1vali kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 pozemky a hrady ako don\u00e1cie (dary). U\u017e v neskorom stredoveku vlastnil panovn\u00edk v Uhorsku \u010di \u010cech\u00e1ch prekvapivo mal\u00fa \u010das\u0165 p\u00f4dy.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cirkevn\u00fd majetok:<\/strong> Cirkev v\u010faka in\u0161tit\u00fatu m\u0155tvej ruky (<em>mortmain<\/em>) p\u00f4du takmer nikdy nepred\u00e1vala ani nestr\u00e1cala [cite: 16, 17]. Majetok iba hromadila [cite: 17]. V krajin\u00e1ch ako Rak\u00fasko, \u010cechy \u010di \u0160panielsko vlastnila cirkev na vrchole svojej moci <strong>20 % a\u017e 40 % v\u0161etkej \u00farodnej p\u00f4dy<\/strong> [cite: 1].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Z\u00e1ver:<\/strong> Z h\u013eadiska rozlohy p\u00f4dy a po\u010dtu po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych nevo\u013en\u00edkov bola cirkev ako celok \u010dasto <strong>podstatne bohat\u0161ia ako panovn\u00edk<\/strong> [cite: 1, 10]. Bohat\u00ed arcibiskupi (napr\u00edklad ostrihomsk\u00fd arcibiskup v Uhorsku alebo mohu\u010dsk\u00fd arcibiskup v Nemecku) mali vy\u0161\u0161ie ro\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00edjmy z po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva ako kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e1 komora.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"b-finan-n-a-strategick-zdroje-makroekonomika-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Financne_a_strategicke_zdroje_Makroekonomika\"><\/span>B. Finan\u010dn\u00e9 a strategick\u00e9 zdroje (Makroekonomika)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Panovn\u00edk mal na druhej strane v ruk\u00e1ch n\u00e1stroje, ku ktor\u00fdm cirkev nemala pr\u00edstup:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Drah\u00e9 kovy a mincovn\u00edctvo:<\/strong> Panovn\u00edk vlastnil reg\u00e1lne pr\u00e1va (monopoly). Patrilo mu v\u0161etko nerastn\u00e9 bohatstvo pod zemou. Najbohat\u0161ie bane na zlato, striebro a me\u010f (napr. Kremnica, Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Kutn\u00e1 Hora) a pr\u00e1vo razi\u0165 mince patrili v\u00fdhradne kr\u00e1\u013eovi, \u010do mu prin\u00e1\u0161alo obrovsk\u00fa likvidn\u00fa hotovos\u0165.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Monopoly a cl\u00e1:<\/strong> Kr\u00e1\u013e mal monopoly na predaj soli, drah\u00fdch kovov a vyberal clo (tridsiatok) na hraniciach r\u00ed\u0161e.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"3-pr-klad-z-habsburskej-monarchie-reformy-jozefa-ii-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Priklad_z_Habsburskej_monarchie_Reformy_Jozefa_II\"><\/span>3. Pr\u00edklad z Habsburskej monarchie: Reformy Jozefa II.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>D\u00f4kazom toho, \u017ee cirkev disponovala obrovsk\u00fdm (\u010dasto neprodukt\u00edvnym) majetkom, ktor\u00fd dr\u00e1\u017edil panovn\u00edkov, s\u00fa reformy cis\u00e1ra <strong>Jozefa II.<\/strong> v 80. rokoch 18. storo\u010dia:<\/p>\r\n<p>Cis\u00e1r Jozef II. si uvedomoval, \u017ee cirkevn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie (najm\u00e4 kontemplat\u00edvne mn\u00ed\u0161ske r\u00e1dy, ktor\u00e9 sa nevenovali \u0161kolstvu alebo lie\u010deniu chor\u00fdch) vlastnia obrovsk\u00e9 latifundi\u00e1 (p\u00f4du), z ktor\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1t nem\u00e1 takmer \u017eiadny \u00fa\u017eitok a dane.<\/p>\r\n<p>V r\u00e1mci svojich reforiem (tzv. jozefinizmus) urobil bezprecedentn\u00fd krok:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Zru\u0161il viac ako 700 kl\u00e1\u0161torov<\/strong> v Habsburskej monarchii.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Skonfi\u0161koval ich obrovsk\u00e9 majetky, budovy a p\u00f4du<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Tento majetok presunul do \u0161t\u00e1tom spravovanej <strong>N\u00e1bo\u017eenskej matice<\/strong> (<em>Religionsfond<\/em>), z ktorej \u0161t\u00e1t n\u00e1sledne financoval platy diec\u00e9znych k\u0148azov (ktor\u00fdch premenil na de facto \u0161t\u00e1tnych \u00faradn\u00edkov) a budovanie nov\u00fdch verejn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Tento krok ukazuje, \u017ee k\u00fdm cirkev mala obrovsk\u00e9 materi\u00e1lne bohatstvo viazan\u00e9 v p\u00f4de, panovn\u00edk mal v ruk\u00e1ch <strong>zvrchovan\u00fa moc<\/strong> (legislat\u00edvnu a vojensk\u00fa), ktorou mohol v pr\u00edpade potreby cirkevn\u00fd majetok vyvlastni\u0165 a podriadi\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1tnym z\u00e1ujmom [cite: 15, 23].<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">Habsbursk\u00e1 monarchia alebo in\u00e9 monarchie alebo kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 panovn\u00edcke syst\u00e9my. Disponovala cirkev v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako panovn\u00edk? Cirkev mala jednu tretinu pozemkov na ktorej pracovali viacmenej zadarmo nevo\u013en\u00edci, poddan\u00ed.<\/span><br \/>\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">10% dan\u00ed z \u00farody mala cirkev na \u00faplne v\u0161etky pozemky?<\/span><br \/>\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">\u0160\u013eachta vyberala 9% dan\u00ed ale nefinancovala \u0161koly nemocnice, infra\u0161trukt\u00faru?<\/span><br \/>\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">Vo vtedaj\u0161ej ekonomike sa 85% percent HDP s\u00fastredilo na po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo?<\/span><br \/>\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">Disponovala cirkev v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako panovn\u00edk? Ako fungovali dane panovn\u00edka?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Analyza_hospodarskej_institucionalnej_a_danovej_architektury_v_Habsburskej_monarchii_a_europskych_panovnickych_systemoch\"><\/span>Anal\u00fdza hospod\u00e1rskej, in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnej a da\u0148ovej architekt\u00fary v Habsburskej monarchii a eur\u00f3pskych panovn\u00edckych syst\u00e9moch<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p>Hospod\u00e1rske dejiny predindustri\u00e1lnej Eur\u00f3py, s osobitn\u00fdm zameran\u00edm na priestor Habsburskej monarchie a Uhorsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, s\u00fa definovan\u00e9 permanentn\u00fdm nap\u00e4t\u00edm a symbi\u00f3zou medzi troma k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdmi in\u0161tit\u00faciami: Korunou (\u0161t\u00e1tnou mocou), Olt\u00e1rom (in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnou Cirkvou) a Me\u010dom (svetskou aristokraciou). Predmetom tohto nap\u00e4tia bola takmer v\u00fdlu\u010dne kontrola nad jedin\u00fdm re\u00e1lnym zdrojom bohatstva vtedaj\u0161ej doby \u2013 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskou p\u00f4dou a \u013eudskou pr\u00e1cou, ktor\u00e1 ju kultivovala.<\/p>\r\n<p>Predkladan\u00e1 vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00faca v\u00fdskumn\u00e1 spr\u00e1va detailne dekon\u0161truuje a analyzuje \u0161es\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch aspektov fungovania tejto spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 boli vznesen\u00e9 v p\u00f4vodnom dopyte: (1) makroekonomick\u00fd podiel po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva na tvorbe HDP, (2) kompar\u00e1ciu kumulovan\u00e9ho majetku Cirkvi a panovn\u00edka, (3) mechanizmy fungovania panovn\u00edckych dan\u00ed a \u0161t\u00e1tnych financi\u00ed, (4) rozsah a plo\u0161n\u00fa aplikovate\u013enos\u0165 cirkevn\u00e9ho desiatku, (5) rolu \u0161\u013eachty a jej pr\u00edspevok k budovaniu verejnej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary (\u0161k\u00f4l a nemocn\u00edc) a (6) povahu bezplatnej pr\u00e1ce v syst\u00e9me nevo\u013en\u00edctva a poddanstva.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Makroekonomicky_kontext_Koncentracia_85_HDP_v_polnohospodarstve\"><\/span>1. Makroekonomick\u00fd kontext: Koncentr\u00e1cia 85 % HDP v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Tvrdenie, \u017ee v predindustri\u00e1lnej ekonomike sa pribli\u017ene 85 % hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1ceho produktu (HDP) s\u00fastredilo na po\u013enohospod\u00e1rsku \u010dinnos\u0165, je z h\u013eadiska kvantitat\u00edvnych hospod\u00e1rskych dej\u00edn nielen presn\u00e9, ale v \u0161truktur\u00e1lne zaostalej\u0161\u00edch regi\u00f3noch Habsburskej monarchie bolo toto \u010d\u00edslo \u010dasto e\u0161te vy\u0161\u0161ie. Hoci aplik\u00e1cia modern\u00e9ho konceptu HDP na stredovek\u00fa a ranonovovek\u00fa ekonomiku vy\u017eaduje ur\u010dit\u00fa metodologick\u00fa opatrnos\u0165 (ke\u010f\u017ee obrovsk\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 produkcie sa nespe\u0148a\u017eovala, ale konzumovala priamo v dom\u00e1cnostiach), historick\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty a demografick\u00e9 d\u00e1ta tento predpoklad jednozna\u010dne potvrdzuj\u00fa [cite: 1].<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Malthusianska_pasca_a_strukturalna_rigidita\"><\/span>Malthusi\u00e1nska pasca a \u0161truktur\u00e1lna rigidita<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Pred rokom 1800 fungovala Eur\u00f3pa v podmienkach extr\u00e9mne pomal\u00e9ho, takmer margin\u00e1lneho hospod\u00e1rskeho rastu. Renomovan\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd historik Angus Maddison vo svojich anal\u00fdzach odhaduje, \u017ee v obdob\u00ed medzi rokmi 1000 a 1820 r\u00e1stol celosvetov\u00fd HDP na obyvate\u013ea (a teda aj po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska produkcia) priemern\u00fdm tempom len 0,05 % ro\u010dne [cite: 2]. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska produkcia na jedn\u00e9ho obyvate\u013ea zost\u00e1vala v predindustri\u00e1lnych \u010dasoch v podstate kon\u0161tantn\u00e1, sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e1 len prudk\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvmi sp\u00f4soben\u00fdmi vojnami, ne\u00farodou alebo pand\u00e9miami [cite: 2].<\/p>\r\n<p>V tejto malthusi\u00e1nskej ekonomike tvorili ro\u013en\u00edci a obyvatelia vidieka 80 % a\u017e 90 % celkovej popul\u00e1cie. V habsbursk\u00fdch d\u0155\u017eav\u00e1ch bola ekonomika bytostne z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od prim\u00e1rneho sektora. A\u017e do za\u010diatku 19. storo\u010dia a mas\u00edvnej\u0161ej industrializ\u00e1cie (od 20. rokov 19. storo\u010dia, najm\u00e4 v rak\u00faskych a \u010desk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch) neexistovali v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 syntetick\u00e9 substit\u00faty ani mas\u00edvny priemyseln\u00fd sektor, ktor\u00fd by po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo vytla\u010dil z jeho dominantnej poz\u00edcie [cite: 2, 3]. E\u0161te aj v roku 1870, desa\u0165ro\u010dia po za\u010diatku priemyselnej revol\u00facie, pracovalo v Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsku v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve ohromn\u00fdch 67 % v\u0161etkej pracovnej sily [cite: 4].<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rozdelenie_monarchie_Jadro_a_vnutorna_periferia\"><\/span>Rozdelenie monarchie: Jadro a vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 perif\u00e9ria<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska dominancia nebola v celej Habsburskej monarchii v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed uniformn\u00e1. V\u00fdskum zameran\u00fd na hospod\u00e1rsky rozvoj monarchie v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed identifikuje jasn\u00e9 rozdelenie na &#8220;jadro&#8221; a &#8220;vn\u00fatorn\u00fa perif\u00e9riu&#8221; [cite: 5].<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Priemyseln\u00e9 jadro (Rak\u00fasko a \u010cechy):<\/strong> V t\u00fdchto oblastiach sa u\u017e od roku 1750 za\u010dala rozv\u00edja\u0165 proto-industrializ\u00e1cia. Vznikali tu textiln\u00e9 manufakt\u00fary, skl\u00e1rske dielne a \u0165a\u017eba \u017eeleznej rudy, \u010do postupne zni\u017eovalo absol\u00fatny podiel \u010dist\u00e9ho po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva na tvorbe bohatstva [cite: 4, 6].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 perif\u00e9ria (Uhorsko a Hali\u010d):<\/strong> Naopak, Uhorsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo bolo systematicky udr\u017eiavan\u00e9 v poz\u00edcii po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej z\u00e1sob\u00e1rne. Z celkov\u00e9ho exportu Rak\u00faska a \u010ciech do Uhorska v roku 1784 tvorili takmer 87 % hotov\u00e9 priemyseln\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky. Uhorsk\u00fd a hali\u010dsk\u00fd export smerom na z\u00e1pad v\u0161ak pozost\u00e1val v\u00fdlu\u010dne z po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych surov\u00edn a potrav\u00edn (viac ako 61 % v pr\u00edpade Uhorska a 92 % v pr\u00edpade Hali\u010de) [cite: 5, 6].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>T\u00e1to agr\u00e1rna prip\u00fatanos\u0165 bola navy\u0161e konzervovan\u00e1 drakonickou colnou politikou. V roku 1754 zaviedla Viede\u0148 asymetrick\u00e9 cl\u00e1: zatia\u013e \u010do rak\u00faske a \u010desk\u00e9 hotov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky pr\u00fadili do Uhorska len s 3 % clom, uhorsk\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske produkty vyv\u00e1\u017ean\u00e9 na z\u00e1pad \u010delili a\u017e 30 % coln\u00e9mu za\u0165a\u017eeniu [cite: 5]. Tento syst\u00e9m garantoval, \u017ee drviv\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina popul\u00e1cie Uhorska musela zosta\u0165 uv\u00e4znen\u00e1 v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Majetkova_komparacia_Cirkev_verzus_Panovnik\"><\/span>2. Majetkov\u00e1 kompar\u00e1cia: Cirkev verzus Panovn\u00edk<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Jednou z naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edch historick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zok je, \u010di in\u0161titucion\u00e1lna Katol\u00edcka cirkev disponovala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako samotn\u00fd panovn\u00edk. Odpove\u010f z\u00e1vis\u00ed od defin\u00edcie bohatstva: ak bohatstvo definujeme ako <strong>kumulovan\u00fa, dlhodobo udr\u017eate\u013en\u00fa hodnotu nehnute\u013en\u00fdch akt\u00edv (p\u00f4dy a nehnute\u013enost\u00ed)<\/strong>, tak Cirkev bola historicky v\u00fdznamne bohat\u0161ia ne\u017e ak\u00e1ko\u013evek eur\u00f3pska kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e1 dynastia, vr\u00e1tane Habsburgovcov. Ak bohatstvo definujeme ako <strong>schopnos\u0165 generova\u0165 jednorazov\u00e9 obrovsk\u00e9 likvidn\u00e9 pr\u00edjmy<\/strong>, panovn\u00edk mal navrch, av\u0161ak tieto pr\u00edjmy boli chronicky pohlcovan\u00e9 extr\u00e9mnymi v\u00fddavkami a dlhmi.<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cirkev_a_institut_%E2%80%9EMrtvej_ruky%E2%80%9C_Mortmain\"><\/span>Cirkev a in\u0161tit\u00fat \u201eM\u0155tvej ruky\u201c (Mortmain)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Tvrdenie, \u017ee Cirkev vlastnila v predve\u010der protestantskej reform\u00e1cie pribli\u017ene jednu tretinu (33 %) v\u0161etkej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy v z\u00e1padnej a strednej Eur\u00f3pe, je v historiografii v\u0161eobecne akceptovan\u00e9 ako relevantn\u00fd a presn\u00fd odhad [cite: 7]. V Uhorskom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve, rovnako ako vo Franc\u00fazsku \u010di Sv\u00e4tej r\u00ed\u0161i r\u00edmskej, cirkevn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie postupne akumulovali gigantick\u00e9 panstv\u00e1.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tento bezprecedentn\u00fd majetkov\u00fd rast nebol v\u00fdsledkom trhovej efektivity, ale kombin\u00e1cie n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho a pr\u00e1vneho syst\u00e9mu. Panovn\u00edci (po\u010dn\u00fac \u0160tefanom I. v Uhorsku) a svetsk\u00e1 aristokracia po st\u00e1ro\u010dia mas\u00edvne darovali Cirkvi p\u00f4du, \u010dasto vr\u00e1tane ded\u00edn a nevo\u013en\u00edkov, v\u00fdmenou za pr\u00eds\u013eub modlitieb za sp\u00e1su ich du\u0161\u00ed v o\u010distci, alebo v r\u00e1mci r\u00f4znych z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00fdch fund\u00e1ci\u00ed [cite: 8, 9].<\/p>\r\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm mechanizmom v\u0161ak bol k\u00e1nonicko-pr\u00e1vny in\u0161tit\u00fat zn\u00e1my ako <strong>\u201em\u0155tva ruka\u201c (mortmain)<\/strong>. Zatia\u013e \u010do sekul\u00e1rne \u0161\u013eachtick\u00e9 \u010di panovn\u00edcke majetky sa \u010dasom drobili delen\u00edm medzi dedi\u010dov, str\u00e1cali sa vo vojn\u00e1ch, alebo podliehali bankrotom, majetok darovan\u00fd Cirkvi bol pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona <em>neodcudzite\u013en\u00fd<\/em>. P\u00f4da, ktor\u00e1 sa raz dostala do r\u00fak biskupstva, op\u00e1tstva alebo r\u00e1du, u\u017e nikdy (a\u017e do \u0161t\u00e1tnych sekulariz\u00e1ci\u00ed v 18. a 19. storo\u010d\u00ed) neopustila cirkevn\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary a nevr\u00e1tila sa na vo\u013en\u00fd trh [cite: 7]. Cirkev tak fungovala ako jednosmern\u00e1 \u010dierna diera na akumul\u00e1ciu p\u00f4dy, \u010d\u00edm sa stala najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnym pozemkov\u00fdm vlastn\u00edkom v hist\u00f3rii [cite: 7].<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Majetok_Habsburskej_dynastie_a_bremeno_statneho_dlhu\"><\/span>Majetok Habsburskej dynastie a bremeno \u0161t\u00e1tneho dlhu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Oproti tomu situ\u00e1cia Habsburskej monarchie bola diametr\u00e1lne odli\u0161n\u00e1. Z h\u013eadiska samotnej dr\u017eby p\u00f4dy mal panovn\u00edk obrovsk\u00e9 majetky. Z\u00e1kladom pr\u00edjmov habsbursk\u00fdch panovn\u00edkov (napr. Ferdinanda I. v 16. storo\u010d\u00ed) boli takzvan\u00e9 Komorn\u00e9 majetky (<em>Kammerg\u00fcter<\/em>), z ktor\u00fdch panovn\u00edk \u010derpal pr\u00edjmy priamo, bez potreby s\u00fahlasu zemsk\u00fdch snemov [cite: 10]. K tomu sa nesk\u00f4r pridru\u017eili obrovsk\u00e9 rodinn\u00e9 fondy (napr. <em>Familienversorgungsfonds<\/em>, ktor\u00fd zalo\u017eil Franti\u0161ek \u0160tefan Lotrinsk\u00fd v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed) a takzvan\u00e9 <em>Hof\u00e4rar<\/em> \u2013 rozsiahle dvorn\u00e9 majetky vr\u00e1tane z\u00e1mkov (Hofburg, Sch\u00f6nbrunn, Bud\u00ednsky hrad) a pridru\u017een\u00fdch po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych d\u0155\u017eav [cite: 11].<\/p>\r\n<p>V 16. storo\u010d\u00ed disponovali \u0161panielski Habsburgovci (Karol V.) gigantick\u00fdmi pr\u00edjmami z koloniz\u00e1cie Nov\u00e9ho sveta, ktor\u00e9 dosahovali a\u017e p\u00e4\u0165 mili\u00f3nov zlat\u00fdch guldenov [cite: 10]. Av\u0161ak stredoeur\u00f3pska (rak\u00faska) vetva rodu musela \u010deli\u0165 krutej geopolitickej realite: neust\u00e1lej hrozbe zo strany Osmanskej r\u00ed\u0161e. Udr\u017eiavanie vojenskej hranice, pevnost\u00ed a \u017eoldnierskych pos\u00e1dok v Uhorsku na konci 16. storo\u010dia st\u00e1lo odhadom 1,13 a\u017e 1,4 mili\u00f3na flor\u00e9nov ro\u010dne. Panovn\u00edcka komora (Hofkammer) v\u0161ak dok\u00e1zala vybra\u0165 sotva polovicu z tejto sumy [cite: 12, 13].<\/p>\r\n<p>D\u00f4sledkom tohto obrovsk\u00e9ho nes\u00faladu medzi pr\u00edjmami a v\u00fddavkami bolo chronick\u00e9 zadl\u017eovanie. Habsburgovci museli svoje komorn\u00e9 majetky, bane a so\u013en\u00e9 monopoly neust\u00e1le zaklada\u0165 alebo pred\u00e1va\u0165 eur\u00f3pskym bank\u00e1rom (napr. Fuggerovcom) \u010di dom\u00e1cej vysokej \u0161\u013eachte [cite: 10]. Panovn\u00edk sa stal z\u00e1visl\u00fdm od \u00faverov. Na konci 17. a v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed boli pr\u00e1ve cirkevn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie (kl\u00e1\u0161tory a \u0161pit\u00e1ly) a vysok\u00e1 \u0161\u013eachta najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi verite\u013emi samotn\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra [cite: 12]. Zatia\u013e \u010do Cirkev svoju hodnotu ticho kumulovala a \u00faro\u010dila, panovn\u00edk o svoje priame pozemkov\u00e9 bohatstvo neust\u00e1le prich\u00e1dzal pod tlakom vojensk\u00fdch v\u00fddavkov.<\/p>\r\n<p>T\u00fato asymetriu nakoniec mocensky zvr\u00e1til a\u017e cis\u00e1r Jozef II. v 80. rokoch 18. storo\u010dia (v obdob\u00ed osvietensk\u00e9ho absolutizmu a jozefinizmu). Tv\u00e1rou v tv\u00e1r chronick\u00e9mu podfinancovaniu \u0161t\u00e1tu radik\u00e1lne obmedzil moc R\u00edma, zru\u0161il pribli\u017ene tretinu v\u0161etk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161torov v monarchii a ich obrovsk\u00e9 majetky (a\u017e dovtedy chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 &#8220;m\u0155tvou rukou&#8221;) sekularizoval do novovytvoren\u00e9ho N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho fondu pod kontrolou \u0161t\u00e1tu [cite: 14]. Panovn\u00edk tak kone\u010dne nadradil svoju ekonomick\u00fa suverenitu nad k\u00e1nonick\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Fiskalny_aparat_panovnika_Ako_fungovali_kralovske_dane\"><\/span>3. Fi\u0161k\u00e1lny apar\u00e1t panovn\u00edka: Ako fungovali kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 dane?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Rozdiely medzi majetkom a hotovos\u0165ou prirodzene vy\u00fastili do zlo\u017eit\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu zdanenia. Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 (panovn\u00edcke) dane v Habsburskej monarchii nefungovali na princ\u00edpe plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zdanenia v\u0161etk\u00fdch vrstiev obyvate\u013estva (ako to pozn\u00e1me z modern\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov), ale boli v\u00fdsledkom neust\u00e1leho politick\u00e9ho boja medzi dvorom vo Viedni a zemsk\u00fdmi snemami. Syst\u00e9m bol rozdelen\u00fd na dve hlavn\u00e9 kateg\u00f3rie pr\u00edjmov.<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nepriame_a_regalne_prijmy_Camerale\"><\/span>Nepriame a reg\u00e1lne pr\u00edjmy (Camerale)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Tento typ pr\u00edjmov bol spravovan\u00fd centr\u00e1lne in\u0161tit\u00faciou zn\u00e1mou ako Dvorsk\u00e1 komora (<em>Hofkammer<\/em>, zal. 1527) [cite: 3, 12]. I\u0161lo o zdroje, ktor\u00e9 priamo prin\u00e1le\u017eali panovn\u00edkovi z titulu jeho \u00faradu a nepotreboval na ne s\u00fahlas \u0161\u013eachty. Zah\u0155\u0148ali predov\u0161etk\u00fdm:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Bansk\u00e9 monopoly:<\/strong> \u0164a\u017eba zlata a striebra (ve\u013emi v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 v bansk\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch Horn\u00e9ho Uhorska, napr. Banskej \u0160tiavnici a Kremnici) a nesk\u00f4r strategick\u00e1 \u0165a\u017eba soli, ropy (v Hali\u010di) a uhlia [cite: 4, 10, 12].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cl\u00e1 a m\u00fdta (Tolls):<\/strong> Zda\u0148ovanie tranzitu tovarov na vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch hraniciach a riekach (najm\u00e4 na Dunaji). V 16. storo\u010d\u00ed tvorili cl\u00e1 napr\u00edklad v Tirolsku a\u017e 40 % riadnych pr\u00edjmov monarchie [cite: 15].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Spotrebn\u00e9 dane a \u0161t\u00e1tne monopoly:<\/strong> Dane z konzum\u00e1cie piva, v\u00edna a tabaku [cite: 10, 12, 16].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Priame_vojnove_dane_Contributionale\"><\/span>Priame vojnov\u00e9 dane (Contributionale)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu obrovsk\u00fdch v\u00fddavkov na arm\u00e1du nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 pokry\u0165 z nepriamych dan\u00ed. Panovn\u00edk preto musel po\u017eadova\u0165 priame dane \u2013 takzvan\u00e9 kontrib\u00facie, v Uhorsku \u010dasto vo forme port\u00e1lnej dane od usadlost\u00ed (<em>dica<\/em>) alebo vo forme mimoriadnej vojnovej dane (<em>subsidium<\/em>) [cite: 12, 17].<\/p>\r\n<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom pre panovn\u00edka bolo, \u017ee <strong>nemohol uvali\u0165 priamu da\u0148 bez s\u00fahlasu zemsk\u00fdch snemov (Di\u00e9t \/ Landtage)<\/strong> [cite: 10, 12]. V t\u00fdchto snemoch sedela v\u00fdlu\u010dne vysok\u00e1 \u0161\u013eachta a kl\u00e9rus. T\u00edto z\u00e1stupcovia s\u00edce panovn\u00edkovi da\u0148 zvy\u010dajne schv\u00e1lili, av\u0161ak s fat\u00e1lnou podmienkou: sami od nej boli vo ve\u013ekej miere osloboden\u00ed. Ke\u010f\u017ee \u0161\u013eachta nebola zdanen\u00e1 (ich povinnos\u0165 vo\u010di kr\u00e1\u013eovi spo\u010d\u00edvala vo vojenskej pomoci \u2013 tzv. dani krvi), cel\u00fa v\u00fd\u0161ku schv\u00e1lenej \u0161t\u00e1tnej dane ne\u00faprosne preniesli na bedr\u00e1 svojich poddan\u00fdch a nevo\u013en\u00edkov [cite: 10, 17, 18].<\/p>\r\n<p>Pre kr\u00e1\u013ea to bolo mimoriadne frustruj\u00face. A\u017e po ni\u010div\u00fdch por\u00e1\u017ekach vo vojn\u00e1ch o rak\u00faske dedi\u010dstvo v polovici 18. storo\u010dia prist\u00fapila Viede\u0148 (konkr\u00e9tne gr\u00f3f Haugwitz za vl\u00e1dy M\u00e1rie Ter\u00e9zie od roku 1748) k zavedeniu rozsiahlej \u0161t\u00e1tnej reformy a vypracovaniu terezi\u00e1nskych katastrov. Panovn\u00edk po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t za\u010dal systematicky mera\u0165 a evidova\u0165 v\u0161etku p\u00f4du a obmedzil da\u0148ov\u00fa imunitu aristokracie, aby zabezpe\u010dil trval\u00e9 financovanie obrovskej profesion\u00e1lnej arm\u00e1dy [cite: 15, 16, 19].<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Cirkevny_desiatok_Decima_Realita_10_zdanenia_urody\"><\/span>4. Cirkevn\u00fd desiatok (Decima): Realita 10 % zdanenia \u00farody<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Tvrdenie, \u017ee Cirkev dost\u00e1vala 10 % dan\u00ed z \u00farody na <em>\u00faplne v\u0161etky pozemky<\/em>, je teoreticky zakotven\u00e9 v stredovekom k\u00e1nonickom pr\u00e1ve, no v hospod\u00e1rskej realite bolo podmienen\u00e9 obrovsk\u00fdm mno\u017estvom v\u00fdnimiek a deform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Desiatok skuto\u010dne predstavoval najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edjem latinskej Cirkvi. Uhorsk\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e \u0160tefan I. hne\u010f pri zakladan\u00ed kr\u00e1\u013eovstva nariadil, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fdch desa\u0165 ded\u00edn mus\u00ed postavi\u0165 faru a odovzd\u00e1va\u0165 desiatky na udr\u017eanie k\u0148azov [cite: 8, 18].<\/p>\r\n<p>Aby mohla Cirkev efekt\u00edvne spravova\u0165 toto bohatstvo, potrebovala detailn\u00fa administrat\u00edvnu sie\u0165. P\u00e1pene\u017esk\u00e9 desiatkov\u00e9 registre (P\u00e1pai tizedjegyz\u00e9k) z rokov 1332 \u2013 1337 sved\u010dia o tom, \u017ee len na \u00fazem\u00ed vtedaj\u0161ieho Uhorsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva existovalo 4 289 farnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 podliehali zdaneniu, \u010do poskytuje presn\u00fd obraz o in\u0161titucion\u00e1lnej hustote a schopnosti Cirkvi penetrova\u0165 na lok\u00e1lnu \u00farove\u0148 [cite: 20].<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rozdelenie_a_exempcie_z_desiatku\"><\/span>Rozdelenie a exempcie z desiatku<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Desiatok z\u010faleka nezost\u00e1val len u miestneho far\u00e1ra. Be\u017en\u00e1 prax (napr\u00edklad v Transylv\u00e1nskej diec\u00e9ze v 16. storo\u010d\u00ed, ako dolo\u017eil historik G\u00e9za Hegyi) znamenala, \u017ee biskup si vzal polovicu a\u017e tri \u0161tvrtiny desiatku, archidiakon \u0161tvrtinu a miestnemu far\u00e1rovi \u010dasto nezostalo ni\u010d, nanajv\u00fd\u0161 zlomok (\u0161tvrtina) [cite: 21]. \u00dapln\u00fd desiatok si mohli necha\u0165 napr\u00edklad len slobodn\u00e9 farnosti sask\u00fdch kolonistov na kr\u00e1\u013eovskej p\u00f4de [cite: 21].<\/p>\r\n<p>Na ot\u00e1zku, \u010di sa desiatok platil zo <em>v\u0161etk\u00fdch<\/em> pozemkov, vr\u00e1tane t\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch a \u0161\u013eachtick\u00fdch, nach\u00e1dzame v prame\u0148och nuansovan\u00fa odpove\u010f.<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Dopad na poddan\u00fdch:<\/strong> Poddan\u00fd bol povinn\u00fd odovzda\u0165 10 % zo svojej <em>hrubej<\/em> po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej a \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nej produkcie z jemu zverenej, tzv. rustik\u00e1lnej p\u00f4dy [cite: 17, 18].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>V\u00fdnimky \u0161\u013eachty a dominik\u00e1lu:<\/strong> Pansk\u00e1 p\u00f4da (dominik\u00e1l \/ all\u00f3dium), ktor\u00fa obhospodaroval priamo \u0161\u013eachtic (s pomocou n\u00fatenej pr\u00e1ce nevo\u013en\u00edkov), bola od cirkevn\u00e9ho desiatku \u010dasto fakticky osloboden\u00e1, pr\u00edpadne sa o \u0148u viedli nekone\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00fadne spory. Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 majetky a majetky ni\u017e\u0161ej \u0161\u013eachty (ktor\u00ed \u017eili v obciach bez poddan\u00fdch) boli z platenia \u010dasto \u00faplne vy\u0148at\u00e9 [cite: 21].<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Vplyvn\u00e1 aristokracia v skuto\u010dnosti z cirkevn\u00e9ho desiatku nebola po\u0161koden\u00e1, ale na \u0148om profitovala. Vyu\u017e\u00edvala fenom\u00e9n <em>impropri\u00e1cie<\/em> alebo patron\u00e1tneho pr\u00e1va. Svetsk\u00fd bar\u00f3n, ktor\u00fd na vlastn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady postavil lok\u00e1lny kostol, si vo vlastnom mene privlastnil pr\u00e1vo zbiera\u0165 desa\u0165 percent \u00farody od obyvate\u013eov dediny, chudobn\u00e9mu far\u00e1rovi vyplatil len minim\u00e1lnu mzdu, a zvy\u0161n\u00fd takzvan\u00fd &#8220;ve\u013ek\u00fd desiatok&#8221; uskladnil vo vlastn\u00fdch pansk\u00fdch s\u00fdpkach na predaj [cite: 12, 18]. Syst\u00e9m 10 % dane bol teda ne\u00faprosn\u00fd pre chudobn\u00fdch, no hlboko priepustn\u00fd pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed disponovali re\u00e1lnou mocou.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Zemepansky_deviatok_a_mytus_panskych_verejnych_sluzieb\"><\/span>5. Zemep\u00e1nsky deviatok a m\u00fdtus pansk\u00fdch verejn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Ot\u00e1zka, \u010di \u0161\u013eachta z vybran\u00fdch poplatkov (napr\u00edklad z 9 % dane) <em>nefinancovala<\/em> \u0161koly, nemocnice a infra\u0161trukt\u00faru, sa dot\u00fdka samotnej defin\u00edcie toho, \u010do bol \u0161t\u00e1t a \u010do bolo s\u00fakromn\u00e9 panstvo v \u00e9re pred 19. storo\u010d\u00edm.<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Odvod_Deviatku_Nona\"><\/span>Odvod Deviatku (Nona)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>V syst\u00e9me trojit\u00e9ho bremena musel poddan\u00fd (napr\u00edklad v Uhorsku po uz\u00e1konen\u00ed \u013dudov\u00edtom I. Ve\u013ek\u00fdm v roku 1351) po odovzdan\u00ed prv\u00e9ho desiatku Cirkvi odovzda\u0165 takzvan\u00fd <em>deviatok<\/em> (teda \u010fal\u0161iu jednu desatinu) zo svojej zost\u00e1vaj\u00facej \u00farody priamo svojmu svetsk\u00e9mu zemep\u00e1novi [cite: 17]. K tomuto deviatku sa pridru\u017eovali pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 cenzusy a pravideln\u00e9 dary (<em>munera<\/em>) [cite: 17]. V\u00fdnosy cel\u00e9ho panstva pre bar\u00f3na mohli po\u013eahky presiahnu\u0165 1000 a\u017e 2000 zlat\u00fdch flor\u00e9nov ro\u010dne [cite: 17].<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rozdelenie_uloh_Kto_staval_verejne_statky\"><\/span>Rozdelenie \u00faloh: Kto staval verejn\u00e9 statky?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Stredovek\u00fd a ranonovovek\u00fd \u0161\u013eachtic sa neriadil mentalitou modern\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tneho \u00faradn\u00edka. Nevn\u00edmal deviatok ako pr\u00edjem do verejn\u00e9ho rozpo\u010dtu ur\u010den\u00fd na redistrib\u00faciu, ale ako <strong>s\u00fakromn\u00fa rentu z vlastn\u00edctva p\u00f4dy<\/strong>. O\u010dak\u00e1vanou invest\u00edciou od \u0161\u013eachty nebola stavba nemocn\u00edc, ale udr\u017eiavanie arm\u00e1dy, pevnost\u00ed, dod\u00e1vanie vojska kr\u00e1\u013eovi (tzv. b\u00e1nd\u00e9ri\u00ed) a honosn\u00e1 dvorsk\u00e1 reprezent\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 potvrdzovala ich status [cite: 22, 23, 24].<\/p>\r\n<p>Napriek tomu tvrdenie, \u017ee \u0161\u013eachta pre infra\u0161trukt\u00faru a chod \u0161t\u00e1tu neurobila v\u00f4bec ni\u010d, nie je celkom pravdiv\u00e9. Modern\u00fd v\u00fdskum poukazuje na skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee v manori\u00e1lnom (panstvom) syst\u00e9me Habsburskej monarchie aristokracia v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku p\u00f4sobila na vidieku ako paraleln\u00e1 \u0161t\u00e1tna spr\u00e1va [cite: 22].<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Nemocnice (\u0160pit\u00e1ly):<\/strong> Starostlivos\u0165 o chudobn\u00fdch a chor\u00fdch bola tradi\u010dne v\u00fdlu\u010dnou dom\u00e9nou Cirkvi a charity. A\u017e cis\u00e1r Jozef II. sekulariz\u00e1ciou kl\u00e1\u0161torov vytvoril v Rak\u00fasku sie\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1tnych nemocn\u00edc (vr\u00e1tane zn\u00e1mej <em>Allgemeines Krankenhaus<\/em> vo Viedni v roku 1784) platen\u00fa z <em>fundus confraternitatum<\/em> a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch fondov. O desiatky rokov nesk\u00f4r sa t\u00e1to povinnos\u0165 v Uhorsku z\u00e1konom preniesla na samotn\u00e9 obce a municipality prostredn\u00edctvom prir\u00e1\u017eok k daniam [cite: 25, 26].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>\u0160kolstvo:<\/strong> Zakladanie \u0161k\u00f4l sa stalo povinnos\u0165ou vrchnosti vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161om meradle a\u017e po zaveden\u00ed povinnej \u0161kolskej doch\u00e1dzky (Ratio Educationis M\u00e1rie Ter\u00e9zie v roku 1777). Od tohto momentu <em>museli<\/em> \u0161\u013eachtick\u00e9 rodiny ako majitelia panstiev poskytn\u00fa\u0165 administrat\u00edvne \u0161trukt\u00fary a fyzick\u00e9 priestory pre zakladanie trivi\u00e1lnych \u0161k\u00f4l pre svojich poddan\u00fdch [cite: 22].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Infra\u0161trukt\u00fara:<\/strong> Stavba mostov, oprava ciest \u010di hr\u00e1dz\u00ed sa nefinancovala z vybrat\u00fdch pansk\u00fdch pe\u0148az\u00ed. \u0160\u013eachta na tento \u00fa\u010del vyu\u017e\u00edvala in\u00fa zlo\u017eku feud\u00e1lnej renty \u2013 bezplatn\u00fa <em>robotu<\/em> poddan\u00fdch. Infra\u0161trukt\u00faru postavili poddan\u00ed vlastn\u00fdmi rukami, povinne a zadarmo.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>\u0160\u013eachta sa od 17. do 19. storo\u010dia v\u00fdrazne anga\u017eovala aj ako ekonomick\u00e1 a finan\u010dn\u00e1 sila. Rozv\u00edjali bansk\u00fd priemysel, zria\u010fovali prv\u00e9 textiln\u00e9 manufakt\u00fary, anga\u017eovali sa v \u00faverovom bankovn\u00edctve (vyd\u00e1van\u00edm dlhopisov \u0161t\u00e1tu) a budovali napr\u00edklad prv\u00e9 po\u0161tov\u00e9 slu\u017eby [cite: 22]. Reprezentovali teda de facto \u0161t\u00e1tnu spr\u00e1vu na vidieku, ktor\u00fa financovali z dan\u00ed a pr\u00e1ce zveren\u00e9ho \u013eudu.<\/p>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Realita_bezplatnej_prace_Nevolnictvo_poddanstvo_a_Robota\"><\/span>6. Realita bezplatnej pr\u00e1ce: Nevo\u013en\u00edctvo, poddanstvo a Robota<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Na ujasnenie po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9ho dopytu \u2013 \u00e1no, pr\u00e1ca poddan\u00fdch na zhruba jednej tretine p\u00f4dy vlastnenej Cirkvou, ako aj na zvy\u0161ku p\u00f4dy kontrolovanej svetskou mocou, bola vo svojej jadrovej zlo\u017eke skuto\u010dne bezplatn\u00e1 a nedobrovo\u013en\u00e1.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tento mechanizmus bol kodifikovan\u00fd vo feud\u00e1lnej povinnosti zvanej <strong>Robota (Corv\u00e9e)<\/strong>. V R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i prevl\u00e1dala otrock\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca v latifundi\u00e1ch. Po jej z\u00e1niku prevzal syst\u00e9m in\u0161tit\u00fat <em>kol\u00f3nov<\/em> (usaden\u00fdch, no neslobodn\u00fdch ro\u013en\u00edkov), ktor\u00fd sa transformoval do stredovek\u00e9ho stredoeur\u00f3pskeho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\r\n<p>Aj na \u00fazem\u00ed Uhorsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, u\u017e v \u010dasoch kr\u00e1\u013ea \u0160tefana I. (1000 &#8211; 1038), existovala \u0161trukt\u00fara spolo\u010dnosti pr\u00edsne rozdelen\u00e1 na slobodn\u00fdch a neslobodn\u00fdch. \u0160\u013eachta sl\u00fa\u017eila vojensky. Pod nimi existovali takzvan\u00ed hradn\u00ed vojaci a <em>udvornici<\/em> (slu\u017eobn\u00edci dvora, z ktor\u00fdch poch\u00e1dza slovo n\u00e1dvorn\u00edci), ktor\u00ed boli viazan\u00ed povinnos\u0165ami ku kr\u00e1\u013eovi [cite: 8, 27]. Ni\u017e\u0161ie na spolo\u010denskom rebr\u00ed\u010dku st\u00e1li be\u017en\u00ed poddan\u00ed. T\u00edto ro\u013en\u00edci s\u00edce (na rozdiel od otrokov) fakticky disponovali vlastn\u00fdm n\u00e1rad\u00edm a hnute\u013en\u00fdm majetkom z ktor\u00e9ho \u017eili, av\u0161ak nedisponovali osobnou slobodou [cite: 8, 18].<\/p>\r\n<p>Robota p\u00f4vodne v rannom stredoveku zah\u0155\u0148ala pr\u00e1cu na pansk\u00fdch l\u00fakach len nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed v roku (od roku 1504 v Uhorsku ofici\u00e1lne 12 dn\u00ed ro\u010dne) [cite: 17]. Av\u0161ak po por\u00e1\u017eke ve\u013ek\u00fdch sedliackych povstan\u00ed a n\u00e1slednom nastolen\u00ed takzvan\u00e9ho &#8220;druh\u00e9ho nevo\u013en\u00edctva&#8221; od 16. storo\u010dia do\u0161lo k extr\u00e9mnemu pritvrdeniu. \u0160\u013eachta a cirkev v Uhorsku, \u010cech\u00e1ch a Po\u013esku premenila svoje panstv\u00e1 na mas\u00edvne ve\u013ekostatky zameran\u00e9 na export obilia. N\u00e1sledne drasticky zv\u00fd\u0161ili po\u017eiadavky na pracovn\u00fa silu. Nevo\u013en\u00edci tak museli pracova\u0165 na panskom (bez pl\u00e1ce, len z povinnosti pre\u017eitia) \u010dasto a\u017e tri \u010di \u0161tyri dni v t\u00fd\u017edni [cite: 17, 28].<\/p>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Postupne_reformy_a_oslobodenie\"><\/span>Postupn\u00e9 reformy a oslobodenie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Tento de\u0161trukt\u00edvny a neefekt\u00edvny syst\u00e9m zastavili a\u017e obavy z tot\u00e1lneho ekonomick\u00e9ho kolapsu \u0161t\u00e1tu. Ke\u010f po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo stratilo ak\u00e9ko\u013evek stimuly pre inov\u00e1ciu, Habsbursk\u00e1 monarchia pod tlakom reforiem musela zasiahnu\u0165. U\u017e cis\u00e1r Leopold I. vydal prv\u00e9 takzvan\u00e9 <em>Robotpatenty<\/em> (v rokoch 1680, 1717, 1738), ktor\u00fdmi sa \u0161t\u00e1t sna\u017eil zhora obmedzi\u0165 maxim\u00e1lny po\u010det dn\u00ed povinnej roboty, ktor\u00fd si \u0161\u013eachta mohla od nevo\u013en\u00edkov svojvo\u013ene vynucova\u0165 [cite: 19].<\/p>\r\n<p>Absol\u00fatny prielom znamenal a\u017e patent cis\u00e1ra Jozefa II. o zru\u0161en\u00ed osobn\u00e9ho nevo\u013en\u00edctva z roku 1781 (a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zameranie pozemkov z roku 1785), ktor\u00fd de jure zru\u0161il povinnos\u0165 bezplatnej roboty a nahradil feud\u00e1lne d\u00e1vky \u0161tandardn\u00fdmi finan\u010dn\u00fdmi da\u0148ami, pri\u010dom ro\u013en\u00edkom navr\u00e1til z\u00e1kladn\u00fa slobodu pohybu a podnikania [cite: 19, 28].<\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Komponent Zdanenia<\/th>\r\n<th>Miera extrakcie<\/th>\r\n<th>Cie\u013eov\u00fd Poberate\u013e<\/th>\r\n<th>Sp\u00f4sob Vym\u00e1hania<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Desiatok (Decima)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>10 % (teoreticky) z hrubej \u00farody<\/td>\r\n<td>Cirkev (Biskup, Archidiakon, Far\u00e1r)<\/td>\r\n<td>Natur\u00e1lne, priamo na rustik\u00e1lnych poliach pred uskladnen\u00edm zrna.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Deviatok (Nona)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>cca 10 % z \u00farody<\/td>\r\n<td>Svetsk\u00fd zemep\u00e1n (\u0160\u013eachta)<\/td>\r\n<td>Natur\u00e1lne do pansk\u00fdch s\u00fdpok. Pre obohacovanie \u0161\u013eachty.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Robota (Corv\u00e9e)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>X dn\u00ed t\u00fd\u017edenne<\/td>\r\n<td>Svetsk\u00fd zemep\u00e1n \/ Cirkevn\u00fd statok<\/td>\r\n<td>Nariaden\u00e1 bezplatn\u00e1 fyzick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca na pansk\u00fdch (dominik\u00e1lnych) poliach.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Port\u00e1lna Da\u0148 (Dica)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Fixn\u00e1 pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e1 taxa (napr. 18 den\u00e1rov)<\/td>\r\n<td>Kr\u00e1\u013e (\u0160t\u00e1tny rozpo\u010det)<\/td>\r\n<td>Hotovostn\u00fd v\u00fdber, schva\u013eovan\u00fd zemsk\u00fdm snemom.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Subsidium<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Mimoriadna da\u0148<\/td>\r\n<td>Kr\u00e1\u013e (Arm\u00e1da, Vojensk\u00e9 kampane)<\/td>\r\n<td>N\u00e1razov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie pri vojn\u00e1ch s vonkaj\u0161\u00edm nepriate\u013eom.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Synteza_a_dosledky\"><\/span>Synt\u00e9za a d\u00f4sledky<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Ekonomika Habsburskej monarchie a eur\u00f3pskych kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch panovn\u00edckych syst\u00e9mov predstavovala vysoko organizovan\u00fd stroj na koncentr\u00e1ciu pozemkov\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva. V prostred\u00ed, kde ro\u013en\u00edci zviazan\u00ed k p\u00f4de tvorili 85 % popul\u00e1cie a generovali 85 % hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1ceho produktu, sl\u00fa\u017eil trojit\u00fd da\u0148ov\u00fd tlak \u2013 od Cirkvi (10 %), \u0161\u013eachty (10 % a ne\u00famern\u00e1 bezplatn\u00e1 robota) a od \u0161t\u00e1tu (port\u00e1lna da\u0148) \u2013 ako ne\u00faprosn\u00fd mechanizmus na presun nadhodnoty smerom k \u00fazkej vrstve el\u00edt. Zatia\u013e \u010do in\u0161titucion\u00e1lna Cirkev si v\u010faka v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9mu k\u00e1nonick\u00e9mu pr\u00e1vu (m\u0155tva ruka) dok\u00e1zala natrvalo poisti\u0165 nadvl\u00e1du nad pribli\u017ene tretinou eur\u00f3pskej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy a dlhodobo prevy\u0161ovala kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 dvory v stabilnej dr\u017ebe nehnute\u013enost\u00ed, \u0161t\u00e1tna moc napokon musela zasiahnu\u0165 centr\u00e1lnymi a osvietensk\u00fdmi reformami, aby zdanen\u00edm \u0161\u013eachty a sekulariz\u00e1ciou kl\u00e1\u0161torov zachr\u00e1nila panovn\u00edcke financie pred defint\u00edvnym kolapsom z vojnov\u00e9ho zadl\u017eovania.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/agriculture-share-gdp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ourworldindata.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/docs\/world_agricultural_production.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rug.nl<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_the_Habsburg_monarchy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_Austria-Hungary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hunghist.org\/83-articles\/502-2018-2-kaps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hunghist.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/centraleuropeaneconomicandsocialhistory.com\/industrialisation-in-the-habsburg-empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">centraleuropeaneconomicandsocialhistory.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unamsanctamcatholicam.com\/2022\/05\/28\/ecclesiastical-property-ownership-in-the-middle-ages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unamsanctamcatholicam.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/How-much-land-does-the-Catholic-Church-own-worldwide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.habsburger.net\/en\/chapter\/money-new-world-sources-money-and-taxation-under-habsburgs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">habsburger.net<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.habsburger.net\/en\/chapter\/emperor-rich-where-habsburgs-got-their-money\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">habsburger.net<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/igpde\/3878\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">openedition.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/book\/edcoll\/9789004396234\/BP000010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brill.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.lsu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1263&amp;context=gradschool_theses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lsu.edu<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/igpde\/3878?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">openedition.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taxadvisers.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gottfried_Schellmann_presentation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taxadvisers.org.uk<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/AskHistorians\/comments\/a2thhy\/how_much_did_a_late_medieval_county_bring_in_in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reddit.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en-academic.com\/dic.nsf\/enwiki\/4187341\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">en-academic.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_reform_in_the_Habsburg_monarchy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Papal_Tithes_from_1332%E2%80%931337_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hunghist.org\/83-articles\/941-2024-3-hegyi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hunghist.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scilog.fwf.ac.at\/en\/magazine\/the-nobility-as-an-economic-force-in-the-habsburg-empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fwf.ac.at<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ww1.habsburger.net\/en\/chapters\/pride-nation-hungarian-nobility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">habsburger.net<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Would-it-have-been-better-if-Hungarian-nobles-payed-taxes-during-the-Middle-Ages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.offbeatbudapest.com\/vienna-city-guide\/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-habsburg-family\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offbeatbudapest.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.muni.cz\/sborniky\/dny_prava_2009\/files\/prispevky\/tvorba_prava\/Palvolgyi_Balazs__1173_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">muni.cz<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/How-densely-was-the-medieval-kingdom-of-Hungary-populated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/history\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/serfdom-east-central-europe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">encyclopedia.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Habsbursk\u00e1 monarchia alebo in\u00e9 monarchie \u010di kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 panovn\u00edcke syst\u00e9my. Disponovala cirkev v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako panovn\u00edk? Cirkev mala jednu tretinu pozemkov na ktorej pracovali viacmenej zadarmo nevo\u013en\u00edci, poddan\u00ed. 10% dan\u00ed z \u00farody mala cirkev na \u00faplne v\u0161etky pozemky. Panovn\u00edk vyberal len 9% dan\u00ed. Disponovala cirkev v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako panovn\u00edk? Ot\u00e1zka, \u010di cirkev disponovala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom ako &#8230; <a title=\"Cirkev disponovala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estvom nevo\u013en\u00edkov \/ poddan\u00fdch ako panovn\u00edk\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/cirkev-disponovala-vacsim-majetkom-a-vacsim-mnozstvom-nevolnikov-poddanych-ako-panovnik\/\" aria-label=\"Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si viac o Cirkev disponovala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm majetkom a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estvom nevo\u013en\u00edkov \/ poddan\u00fdch ako panovn\u00edk\">\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-krestanstvo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3793","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3793"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3793\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3797,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3793\/revisions\/3797"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}