{"id":3762,"date":"2026-07-05T13:55:14","date_gmt":"2026-07-05T11:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/?p=3762"},"modified":"2026-07-12T11:53:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-12T09:53:50","slug":"nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tolerancia R\u00edmskych cis\u00e1rov ku \u017didom a kres\u0165anom vs prenasledovanie pohanov zo strany kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Krestanstvo_a_Rimska_risa_Politicka_subverzia_magia_a_transformacia_nabozenskej_intolerancie\" >Kres\u0165anstvo a R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a: Politick\u00e1 subverzia, m\u00e1gia a transform\u00e1cia n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej intolerancie<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Uvod_do_kontextu_Rimsky_pluralizmus_verzus_dogmaticky_exkluzivizmus\" >\u00davod do kontextu: R\u00edmsky pluralizmus verzus dogmatick\u00fd exkluzivizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Postavenie_Zidov_v_Rimskej_risi_Pragmatizmus_a_statna_tolerancia\" >Postavenie \u017didov v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i: Pragmatizmus a \u0161t\u00e1tna tolerancia<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Modlitby_za_cisara_Formy_zidovskej_lojality_od_Palestiny_po_Malu_Aziu\" >Modlitby za cis\u00e1ra: Formy \u017eidovskej lojality od Palest\u00edny po Mal\u00fa \u00c1ziu<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Krestanstvo_ako_politicky_disent_a_subverzia_imperia\" >Kres\u0165anstvo ako politick\u00fd disent a subverzia imp\u00e9ria<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Kradez_imperialnej_terminologie\" >Kr\u00e1de\u017e imperi\u00e1lnej terminol\u00f3gie<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Sociologicka_motivacia_konverzie_a_odporu\" >Sociologick\u00e1 motiv\u00e1cia konverzie a odporu<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Koncept_%E2%80%9CKyrios%E2%80%9D_a_Kristus_ako_posmrtny_politicky_vodca\" >Koncept &#8220;Kyrios&#8221; a Kristus ako posmrtn\u00fd politick\u00fd vodca<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Magia_nekromancia_a_telepatia_Rimske_vnimanie_%E2%80%9CDucha_Jezisovho%E2%80%9D\" >M\u00e1gia, nekromancia a telepatia: R\u00edmske vn\u00edmanie &#8220;Ducha Je\u017ei\u0161ovho&#8221;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Obvinenia_z_magie_Celsus_Porfyrios_a_Lukianos\" >Obvinenia z m\u00e1gie: Celsus, Porf\u00fdrios a Luki\u00e1nos<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Cisar_a_hrozba_%E2%80%9Cmrtveho_muza%E2%80%9D_zo_zahrobia\" >Cis\u00e1r a hrozba &#8220;m\u0155tveho mu\u017ea&#8221; zo z\u00e1hrobia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Zbytocny_konflikt_Preco_sa_pohanski_cisari_s_krestanmi_nezhodli\" >Zbyto\u010dn\u00fd konflikt: Pre\u010do sa pohansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri s kres\u0165anmi nezhodli?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Mohli_sa_krestania_vyhnut_prenasledovaniu\" >Mohli sa kres\u0165ania vyhn\u00fa\u0165 prenasledovaniu?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Dovody_eskalacie_Seba-izolacia_utajenie_a_urazka_Rima\" >D\u00f4vody eskal\u00e1cie: Seba-izol\u00e1cia, utajenie a ur\u00e1\u017eka R\u00edma<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Zrod_totalitnej_moci_Krestanski_cisari_a_institucionalizacia_netolerancie\" >Zrod totalitnej moci: Kres\u0165ansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri a in\u0161titucionaliz\u00e1cia netolerancie<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Theodosiansky_kodex_Cesta_ku_stredovekemu_temnu\" >Theodosi\u00e1nsky k\u00f3dex: Cesta ku stredovek\u00e9mu temnu<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#1_Genocida_pohanskej_kultury\" >1. Genoc\u00edda pohanskej kult\u00fary<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#2_Brutalne_prenasledovanie_heretikov_a_inych_krestanov\" >2. Brut\u00e1lne prenasledovanie heretikov a in\u00fdch kres\u0165anov<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#3_Likvidacia_zidovskych_slobod\" >3. Likvid\u00e1cia \u017eidovsk\u00fdch slob\u00f4d<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Zaver_a_zhodnotenie\" >Z\u00e1ver a zhodnotenie<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#1_Bolo_krestanstvo_v_Rimskej_risi_politickym_hnutim\" >1. Bolo kres\u0165anstvo v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i politick\u00fdm hnut\u00edm?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#2_Kristus-Kyrios_Posmrtny_politicky_vodca\" >2. Kristus-Kyrios: Posmrtn\u00fd politick\u00fd vodca?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#3_Verili_vtedajsi_Rimania_na_telepaticke_schopnosti_a_spiritizmus\" >3. Verili vtedaj\u0161\u00ed Rimania na telepatick\u00e9 schopnosti a \u0161piritizmus?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#4_Vnimali_cisari_Krista_ako_konkurenta_kvoli_duchovnej_komunikacii\" >4. Vn\u00edmali cis\u00e1ri Krista ako konkurenta kv\u00f4li duchovnej komunik\u00e1cii?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/#Zaver\" >Z\u00e1ver<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bL1Jveg306g\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Pohansk\u00ed r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri boli k \u017didom tolerantn\u00ed a nen\u00fatili ich uctieva\u0165 pohansk\u00fdch bohov \u2013 je to pravda?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ako to vyzeralo s n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou toleranciou v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i? Boli n\u00faten\u00ed pravidelne nav\u0161tevova\u0165 pohansk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1li?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ak\u00e9 boli pohansk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1li na podporu, modlitbu, obetu za cis\u00e1ra? Boli tieto ritu\u00e1li povinn\u00e9? V akej forme mali t\u00fato povinnos\u0165 \u017didia na \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho Gr\u00e9cka, Turecka, Palest\u00edny, Izraela?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Bolo kres\u0165anstvo v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i aj silne politick\u00e9 hnutie? Napr. ako politick\u00ed disidenti proti \u00fatlaku cis\u00e1ra? Mohlo aj toto by\u0165 jedna z hlavn\u00fdch motiv\u00e1cii sa\u0165 sa kres\u0165anom v tej dobe?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>V Biblii sa hovor\u00ed o Kristovi ako o P\u00e1novi Kyrios.<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Kristus-Kyrios = posmrtn\u00fd politick\u00fd (nielen duchovn\u00fd) vodca kres\u0165anov?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Bolo kres\u0165anstvo z jednej polovice politick\u00e9 a z druhej polovice n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 hnutie?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Verili vtedaj\u0161\u00ed Rimania na telepatick\u00e9 schopnosti, \u0161piritizmus s m\u0155tvymi?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Mohli vn\u00edma\u0165 R\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri Krista ako konkurenta v moci nako\u013eko verili \u017ee kres\u0165ania dok\u00e1\u017eu \u0161piritisticky telepaticky s Kristom komunikova\u0165 ako s m\u0155tvou osobou ktor\u00e1 ich z druh\u00e9ho sveta riadi, \u017ee nevn\u00edmaj\u00fa cis\u00e1ra ako mocensko-politick\u00fa autoritu?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Pre\u010do si pohansk\u00ed R\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri nerozumeli tak dobre s kres\u0165anmi ako so \u017didmi? Mohli sa kres\u0165ania vyhn\u00fa\u0165 prenasledovaniu so strany cis\u00e1rov ak by sa boli ochotn\u00ed modli\u0165 za po\u017eehnanie za cis\u00e1ra?<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<strong>Porovnaj to ako boli pohansk\u00ed R\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri n\u00e1bo\u017eensky tolerantn\u00ed k \u017didom a to ako boli kres\u0165ansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri tolerantn\u00ed k pohanom, gnostikom, ari\u00e1nom, in\u00fdm ako ofici\u00e1lnym kres\u0165anom.<\/strong><br \/>\r\n************************************************************************************************************<br \/>\r\n************************************************************************************************************<\/p>\r\n<h1 id=\"kres-anstvo-a-r-mska-r-a-politick-subverzia-m-gia-a-transform-cia-n-bo-enskej-intolerancie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krestanstvo_a_Rimska_risa_Politicka_subverzia_magia_a_transformacia_nabozenskej_intolerancie\"><\/span>Kres\u0165anstvo a R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a: Politick\u00e1 subverzia, m\u00e1gia a transform\u00e1cia n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej intolerancie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h2 id=\"-vod-do-kontextu-r-msky-pluralizmus-verzus-dogmatick-exkluzivizmus\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uvod_do_kontextu_Rimsky_pluralizmus_verzus_dogmaticky_exkluzivizmus\"><\/span>\u00davod do kontextu: R\u00edmsky pluralizmus verzus dogmatick\u00fd exkluzivizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Historick\u00e1 a sociologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza ran\u00e9ho kres\u0165anstva a jeho interakcie s R\u00edmskou r\u00ed\u0161ou si vy\u017eaduje radik\u00e1lne odmietnutie tradi\u010dn\u00fdch cirkevn\u00fdch narat\u00edvov. Tieto dogmatick\u00e9 v\u00fdklady po st\u00e1ro\u010dia vykres\u013eovali toto obdobie ako \u010dierno-biely epick\u00fd boj &#8220;sv\u00e4t\u00fdch a nevinn\u00fdch mu\u010den\u00edkov&#8221; proti &#8220;krut\u00fdm, iracion\u00e1lnym a netolerantn\u00fdm pohanom&#8221;. Z h\u013eadiska modernej sekul\u00e1rnej hist\u00f3rie, politol\u00f3gie a sociol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva je v\u0161ak tento obraz nielen nepresn\u00fd, ale vyslovene l\u017eiv\u00fd a manipulat\u00edvny. R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a vo svojej podstate nebola n\u00e1bo\u017eensky netolerantn\u00e1. Naopak, i\u0161lo o jeden z najpluralitnej\u0161\u00edch celkov staroveku. R\u00edmske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo bolo polyteistick\u00e9, inkluz\u00edvne a prim\u00e1rne zameran\u00e9 na verejn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly (ortopraxia) sk\u00f4r ne\u017e na vn\u00fatorn\u00fa, dogmatick\u00fa vieru (ortodoxia) [cite: 1, 2, 3].<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00dastredn\u00fdm konceptom r\u00edmskeho \u0161t\u00e1tneho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva bol <em>pax deorum<\/em> \u2013 zmluva, mier a priaze\u0148 s bohmi. Rimania verili, \u017ee bohovia chr\u00e1nia r\u00ed\u0161u, jej stabilitu, \u00farodu a vojensk\u00e9 \u00faspechy v\u00fdmenou za spr\u00e1vne a pravideln\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vanie ritu\u00e1lov a obiet [cite: 1, 4, 5]. N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tolerancia Rimanov fungovala na princ\u00edpe pragmatick\u00e9ho synkretizmu. Ak\u00fdko\u013evek nov\u00fd boh, bez oh\u013eadu na to, \u010di poch\u00e1dzal z Egypta, S\u00fdrie alebo Galie, mohol by\u0165 bez v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mov asimilovan\u00fd do r\u00edmskeho pante\u00f3nu (tzv. <em>evocatio deorum<\/em>), pokia\u013e jeho uctieva\u010di re\u0161pektovali \u0161t\u00e1tne kulty a nenaru\u0161ovali verejn\u00fd ob\u010diansky poriadok [cite: 2, 3, 6]. R\u00edmsky \u0161t\u00e1t sa nezauj\u00edmal o to, v \u010do ob\u010dan vn\u00fatorne ver\u00ed, nevy\u017eadoval exkluzivitu viery a netrestal &#8220;kac\u00edrstvo&#8221; v my\u0161lienkovom zmysle. Vy\u017eadoval len particip\u00e1ciu na ob\u010dianskom kulte, \u010do bolo vn\u00edman\u00e9 sk\u00f4r ako vyjadrenie politickej lojality a vlastenectva ne\u017e ako teologick\u00fd akt [cite: 5, 7, 8].<\/p>\r\n<p>Ke\u010f sa do tohto mimoriadne flexibiln\u00e9ho prostredia dostalo kres\u0165anstvo so svojimi exkluz\u00edvnymi n\u00e1rokmi na absol\u00fatnu, jedin\u00fa pravdu a s agres\u00edvnym odmietan\u00edm v\u0161etk\u00fdch ostatn\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed, R\u00edm narazil na ideol\u00f3giu, ktor\u00fa nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 integrova\u0165 [cite: 9, 10]. Konflikt, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1sledne vypukol, nebol prim\u00e1rne teologick\u00fd. Bol to hlboko politick\u00fd a sociologick\u00fd stret. Kres\u0165anstvo sa neformovalo len ako duchovn\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot; vo svojich rann\u00fdch f\u00e1zach to bolo vysoko organizovan\u00e9 politick\u00e9 hnutie odporu, ktor\u00e9 cielene podkop\u00e1valo samotn\u00e9 z\u00e1klady r\u00edmskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu, jeho in\u0161tit\u00facie a mocensk\u00fa hierarchiu. Cirkev dodnes tento politick\u00fd rozmer svojho vzniku maskuje za narat\u00edv n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho prenasledovania, pri\u010dom z\u00e1merne ignoruje, \u017ee r\u00edmsky \u0161t\u00e1t reagoval na kres\u0165anov rovnako, ako by ak\u00fdko\u013evek modern\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t reagoval na podvratn\u00fa, proti\u0161t\u00e1tnu sie\u0165 extr\u00e9mistov.<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"postavenie-idov-v-r-mskej-r-i-pragmatizmus-a-t-tna-tolerancia\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Postavenie_Zidov_v_Rimskej_risi_Pragmatizmus_a_statna_tolerancia\"><\/span>Postavenie \u017didov v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i: Pragmatizmus a \u0161t\u00e1tna tolerancia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00e1 historick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka znie, pre\u010do r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri a r\u00edmski magistr\u00e1ti prechov\u00e1vali pomerne \u0161irok\u00fa toleranciu k \u017didom, k\u00fdm vo\u010di kres\u0165anom postupovali s podozren\u00edm a nesk\u00f4r s represiou. Koniec koncov, oba smery vych\u00e1dzali z pr\u00edsneho monoteizmu a oba odmietali existenciu in\u00fdch bohov. Odpove\u010f spo\u010d\u00edva v r\u00edmskom vn\u00edman\u00ed trad\u00edcie a v mimoriadnom politickom pragmatizme \u017eidovsk\u00fdch komun\u00edt.<\/p>\r\n<p>R\u00edmske pr\u00e1vo a kult\u00fara hlboko re\u0161pektovali starobylos\u0165 (antiquitas). R\u00edmski filozofi a pr\u00e1vnici ch\u00e1pali, \u017ee n\u00e1rody maj\u00fa svoje vlastn\u00e9 trad\u00edcie predkov. Judaizmus bol uznan\u00fd ako <em>religio licita<\/em> (leg\u00e1lne n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo \u2013 hoci tento term\u00edn je modern\u00fd kon\u0161trukt, presne vystihuje r\u00edmsky pr\u00e1vny pr\u00edstup), preto\u017ee i\u0161lo o prastar\u00fa, etnicko-geograficky ukotven\u00fa trad\u00edciu predkov [cite: 5, 9]. \u017didia nikoho nen\u00fatili do svojho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva masov\u00fdm prozelytizmom a nesna\u017eili sa zni\u010di\u0165 r\u00edmsky polyteizmus v celosvetovom meradle. R\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri boli k \u017didom tolerantn\u00ed a v\u00f4bec ich nen\u00fatili uctieva\u0165 pohansk\u00fdch bohov ani sa z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ova\u0165 na \u0161t\u00e1tnom cis\u00e1rskom kulte [cite: 5, 7, 11]. \u017didia mali garantovan\u00e9 v\u00fdnimky z komunitn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb (tzv. liturgie), ktor\u00e9 by kolidovali s ich n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm presved\u010den\u00edm, a r\u00edmske s\u00fady dokonca re\u0161pektovali sabat [cite: 12].<\/p>\r\n<p>Tento historick\u00fd kompromis bol mo\u017en\u00fd v\u010faka d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9mu teologicko-politick\u00e9mu rozl\u00ed\u0161eniu, ktor\u00e9 \u017didia majstrovsky aplikovali: striktne odmietali obetova\u0165 <em>cis\u00e1rovi<\/em> ako bo\u017estvu, ale s pln\u00fdm nasaden\u00edm s\u00fahlasili s t\u00fdm, \u017ee bud\u00fa obetova\u0165 a modli\u0165 sa svojmu vlastn\u00e9mu Jahvemu <em>za cis\u00e1ra<\/em>, za jeho zdravie, \u00faspech jeho l\u00e9gi\u00ed a za stabilitu R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e [cite: 11, 12].<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"modlitby-za-cis-ra-formy-idovskej-lojality-od-palest-ny-po-mal-ziu\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modlitby_za_cisara_Formy_zidovskej_lojality_od_Palestiny_po_Malu_Aziu\"><\/span>Modlitby za cis\u00e1ra: Formy \u017eidovskej lojality od Palest\u00edny po Mal\u00fa \u00c1ziu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Pohansk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly na podporu a obetu za cis\u00e1ra boli v r\u00edmskom svete v\u0161adepr\u00edtomn\u00e9, no neboli nevyhnutne vy\u017eadovan\u00e9 od ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotlivca, ak dan\u00e1 komunita preuk\u00e1zala lojalitu in\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. \u017didia na \u00fazem\u00ed Palest\u00edny, Egypta, Gr\u00e9cka a dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Turecka (Malej \u00c1zie) prejavovali svoju politick\u00fa lojalitu r\u00edmskemu a predt\u00fdm helenistick\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00e1tu \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi formami, ktor\u00e9 Rimanom plne posta\u010dovali ako d\u00f4kaz ob\u010dianskej poslu\u0161nosti a nenaru\u0161ovania \u0161t\u00e1tneho poriadku:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 obete v Jeruzaleme:<\/strong> \u017didovsk\u00fd filozof Fil\u00f3n Alexandrijsk\u00fd a historik Flavius Josephus zaznamenali, \u017ee \u017didia vo svojom chr\u00e1me v Jeruzaleme prin\u00e1\u0161ali pravideln\u00e9 obete za zdravie a vojensk\u00fd \u00faspech r\u00edmskeho cis\u00e1ra. Fil\u00f3n vo svojom opise \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho ve\u013evyslanectva k cis\u00e1rovi Caligulovi (Gaiovi) zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee \u017didia prin\u00e1\u0161ali mas\u00edvne obete (hekatomby) svojmu vlastn\u00e9mu Bohu za zachovanie cis\u00e1ra, napr\u00edklad pri jeho n\u00e1stupe na tr\u00f3n, pri jeho zotaven\u00ed z v\u00e1\u017enej choroby alebo pred vojensk\u00fdmi \u0165a\u017eeniami v Germ\u00e1nii [cite: 11]. T\u00fdmto potvrdzovali, \u017ee ich monoteizmus nie je v rozpore s \u00faspechom r\u00edmskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Epigrafika a synagog\u00e1lne n\u00e1pisy v diasp\u00f3re:<\/strong> V celej gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmskej diasp\u00f3re sa zachovali architektonick\u00e9 a epigrafick\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy o \u017eidovskej lojalite. Tieto komunity stavali domy modlitby (\u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 <em>proseuchai<\/em>). V meste Schedia v Egypte sa na\u0161iel mramorov\u00fd n\u00e1pis z 3. storo\u010dia pred n. l., v ktorom \u017didia dedikuj\u00fa synag\u00f3gu &#8220;V mene kr\u00e1\u013ea Ptolemaia a kr\u00e1\u013eovnej Bereniky&#8230; a ich det\u00ed&#8221; [cite: 13, 14]. Podobn\u00e9 dedik\u00e1cie za &#8220;sp\u00e1su&#8221; alebo &#8220;zdravie&#8221; panovn\u00edka pokra\u010dovali aj za r\u00edmskych \u010dias. Napr\u00edklad v Qazione (Galilea) existuje n\u00e1pis, kde \u017didia venovali stavbu za sp\u00e1su r\u00edmskeho cis\u00e1ra Septimia Severa a jeho rodiny [cite: 15]. V Ostii pri R\u00edme \u010di v mest\u00e1ch Malej \u00c1zie a Gr\u00e9cka (napr. Stobi, Aegina, F\u00f3kaia) \u017didia budovali svoje komunity vo vz\u00e1jomnom re\u0161pekte s r\u00edmskou administrat\u00edvou, za ktor\u00fa sa pravidelne modlili [cite: 16].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Pr\u00edsahy na r\u00edmskych vl\u00e1dcov:<\/strong> V r\u00edmskej provincii Ar\u00e1bia (okolo r. 127 n. l.) papyrusov\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy z arch\u00edvov \u017eidovsk\u00fdch \u017eien (ako Babatha) ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee pri registr\u00e1cii p\u00f4dy \u017didia form\u00e1lne prisahali &#8220;na <em>tych\u00e9<\/em> (\u0161\u0165astie\/g\u00e9nia) P\u00e1na C\u00e9zara&#8221; [cite: 11]. V Egypte sa na\u0161iel z\u00e1znam \u017dida menom Soteles, ktor\u00fd v roku 101 n. l. prisahal priamo na meno cis\u00e1ra Traj\u00e1na [cite: 11]. Hoci pr\u00edsaha na <em>g\u00e9nia<\/em> mala pre Rimanov n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd podt\u00f3n, \u017didia tento byrokratick\u00fd akt dok\u00e1zali interpretova\u0165 sekul\u00e1rne a r\u00edmske \u00farady ich za to akceptovali.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>\u017didovsk\u00fd pr\u00edstup bol teda obojstranne v\u00fdhodn\u00fdm, pragmatick\u00fdm kompromisom. Modlitbou <em>za<\/em> r\u00ed\u0161u a cis\u00e1ra ubezpe\u010dili r\u00edmske \u00farady o svojej politickej podriadenosti. Rimanom v\u00f4bec neprek\u00e1\u017ealo, \u017ee \u017didia neuctievaj\u00fa Jupitera, pokia\u013e ich vlastn\u00fd, lok\u00e1lny \u017eidovsk\u00fd Boh st\u00e1l na strane R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Krit\u00e9rium<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u017didovsk\u00fd pragmatick\u00fd pr\u00edstup v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Reakcia R\u00edmskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>P\u00f4vod n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Starobyl\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00e1 trad\u00edcia s geografick\u00fdmi kore\u0148mi.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Priznanie statusu re\u0161pektovan\u00e9ho, leg\u00e1lneho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva (<em>religio licita<\/em>).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0160t\u00e1tny a cis\u00e1rsky kult<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">V\u00fdnimka schv\u00e1len\u00e1 \u0161t\u00e1tom; namiesto toho verejn\u00e9 modlitby a obete <em>za<\/em> cis\u00e1ra.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Akcept\u00e1cia tohto pr\u00edstupu ako dostato\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u00f4kazu ob\u010dianskej a politickej lojality.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Zapojenie do \u0161trukt\u00far<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u010ciasto\u010dn\u00e1 integr\u00e1cia, re\u0161pektovanie s\u00fadov, platenie dan\u00ed, uzn\u00e1vanie administrat\u00edvy.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Legislat\u00edvna ochrana synag\u00f3g, oslobodenie od povinnost\u00ed po\u010das Sabatu [cite: 12].<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 id=\"kres-anstvo-ako-politick-disent-a-subverzia-imp-ria\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krestanstvo_ako_politicky_disent_a_subverzia_imperia\"><\/span>Kres\u0165anstvo ako politick\u00fd disent a subverzia imp\u00e9ria<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Ak sa na ran\u00e9 kres\u0165anstvo pozrieme optikou, ktor\u00fa pon\u00fakaj\u00fa modern\u00ed sociol\u00f3govia a historici (v r\u00e1mci \u0161tudijn\u00e9ho oboru tzv. &#8220;empire criticism&#8221;), nevid\u00edme apolitick\u00e9 hnutie zameran\u00e9 len na duchovn\u00fa sp\u00e1su du\u0161e. Vid\u00edme tu de facto mohutn\u00fd politick\u00fd disent. Kres\u0165anstvo vo svojej podstate spochyb\u0148ovalo, nab\u00faravalo a akt\u00edvne nahr\u00e1dzalo soci\u00e1lne, kult\u00farne a mocensk\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary r\u00edmskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu [cite: 17].<\/p>\r\n<p>Bolo kres\u0165anstvo z polovice politick\u00e9 a z druhej n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 hnutie? D\u00f4kazy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee v realite 1. a\u017e 3. storo\u010dia nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 politiku a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo v\u00f4bec oddeli\u0165 [cite: 18, 19]. Tieto sf\u00e9ry boli v r\u00edmskom svete absol\u00fatne prepleten\u00e9. Kres\u0165anstvo bolo siln\u00fdm politick\u00fdm hnut\u00edm u\u017e len t\u00fdm, \u017ee vytv\u00e1ralo &#8220;\u0161t\u00e1t v \u0161t\u00e1te&#8221;.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"kr-de-imperi-lnej-terminol-gie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kradez_imperialnej_terminologie\"><\/span>Kr\u00e1de\u017e imperi\u00e1lnej terminol\u00f3gie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm bodom politickej subverzie, ktor\u00fd kres\u0165ania aplikovali, bola samotn\u00e1 terminol\u00f3gia. Kres\u0165ansk\u00ed spisovatelia cielene kooptovali najvy\u0161\u0161iu r\u00edmsku politick\u00fa lexiku a predefinovali ju pre vlastn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, \u010do bolo zo strany R\u00edma vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako drz\u00e1 provok\u00e1cia a podvracanie \u0161t\u00e1tnej propagandy [cite: 17]:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Evangelion (Evanjelium):<\/strong> Dnes vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako \u010disto n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 slovo pre &#8220;Dobr\u00fa zves\u0165&#8221;, v 1. storo\u010d\u00ed i\u0161lo o r\u00edmsky imperi\u00e1lny term\u00edn, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017eil na oznamovanie vojensk\u00fdch v\u00ed\u0165azstiev, narodenia cis\u00e1ra alebo jeho n\u00e1stupu na tr\u00f3n [cite: 17]. Ke\u010f kres\u0165ania za\u010dali naz\u00fdva\u0165 &#8220;evanjeliom&#8221; pr\u00edbeh o chudobnom potulnom kazate\u013eovi z perif\u00e9rie r\u00ed\u0161e, i\u0161lo o priamu ur\u00e1\u017eku r\u00edmskeho &#8220;evanjelia&#8221;.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Z\u00e1chranca (Soter), Mier (Pax), Spravodlivos\u0165 (Iustitia):<\/strong> Tieto cnosti patrili v\u00fdlu\u010dne cis\u00e1rovi a r\u00edmskemu \u0161t\u00e1tu. R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a garantovala <em>Pax Romana<\/em>. Apokalyptick\u00e1 literat\u00fara kres\u0165anov, ako Kniha zjavenia, v\u0161ak vykres\u013eovala R\u00edm (v k\u00f3dovan\u00ed ako &#8220;Babylon&#8221;) nie ako nosite\u013ea mieru, ale ako neviestku, sl\u00fa\u017eku Satana a tyrana zrel\u00e9ho na zni\u010denie [cite: 17]. S\u013euby o de\u0161trukcii r\u00ed\u0161e (ako Pavlovo varovanie pred falo\u0161n\u00fdm &#8220;mierom a bezpe\u010d\u00edm&#8221;) boli jasnou politickou r\u00e9torikou disidentov [cite: 17].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"sociologick-motiv-cia-konverzie-a-odporu\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociologicka_motivacia_konverzie_a_odporu\"><\/span>Sociologick\u00e1 motiv\u00e1cia konverzie a odporu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Mohla by\u0165 politick\u00e1 a soci\u00e1lna revolta jednou z hlavn\u00fdch motiv\u00e1ci\u00ed sta\u0165 sa kres\u0165anom? Ur\u010dite. Ako poukazuj\u00fa sociol\u00f3govia n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva a historici ako John Dominic Crossan \u010di Rodney Stark, r\u00edmska spolo\u010dnos\u0165 bola pr\u00edsne stratifikovan\u00e1. Mestsk\u00e9 elity parazitovali na obrovskej mase chudobn\u00fdch, otrokov a ro\u013en\u00edkov [cite: 20]. Kres\u0165anstvo pon\u00fakalo t\u00fdmto disenfranchizovan\u00fdm vrstv\u00e1m nie\u010do nev\u00eddan\u00e9: paraleln\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 [cite: 21, 22].<\/p>\r\n<p>Rimania stavali svoju stabilitu na syst\u00e9me patr\u00f3nov a klientov a na neobmedzenej autorite hlavy rodiny (<em>paterfamilias<\/em>). Kres\u0165anstvo tento syst\u00e9m subvertovalo. U\u010dilo rovnosti pred Bohom, nab\u00e1dalo deli\u0165 sa s chudobn\u00fdmi, poz\u00fdvalo k jedn\u00e9mu stolu otrokov aj slobodn\u00fdch, a nar\u00fa\u0161alo tak spolo\u010densk\u00fa hierarchiu a r\u00edmsku hegem\u00f3niu [cite: 1, 17]. Preto r\u00edmsky pohansk\u00fd filozof Celsus vo svojom diele &#8220;Pravdiv\u00e9 slovo&#8221; (okolo roku 180 n. l.) kritizoval kres\u0165anstvo ako vulg\u00e1rne hnutie \u017eien, otrokov a hlup\u00e1kov, ktor\u00ed sa b\u00faria proti vzdelanej elite a podkop\u00e1vaj\u00fa soci\u00e1lny poriadok [cite: 1, 23, 24]. Pridanie sa ku kres\u0165anom znamenalo pre marginalizovan\u00e9 skupiny zisk d\u00f4stojnosti a politickej imunity vo vn\u00fatri novej, radik\u00e1lnej siete, ktor\u00e1 sa formovala v opoz\u00edcii vo\u010di vykoris\u0165uj\u00facemu r\u00edmskemu syst\u00e9mu [cite: 21, 22].<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"koncept-kyrios-a-kristus-ako-posmrtn-politick-vodca\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Koncept_%E2%80%9CKyrios%E2%80%9D_a_Kristus_ako_posmrtny_politicky_vodca\"><\/span>Koncept &#8220;Kyrios&#8221; a Kristus ako posmrtn\u00fd politick\u00fd vodca<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>V Biblii sa o Kristovi takmer v\u0161ade hovor\u00ed ako o P\u00e1novi \u2013 po gr\u00e9cky <strong>Kyrios<\/strong>. V kontexte R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e bol tento titul absol\u00fatne k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd. <em>Kyrios<\/em> nebol len ne\u0161kodn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd titul vyjadruj\u00faci duchovn\u00fa \u00factu; bol to titul vyhraden\u00fd pre najvy\u0161\u0161iu mocensk\u00fa a \u0161t\u00e1tnu autoritu \u2013 pre samotn\u00e9ho r\u00edmskeho cis\u00e1ra [cite: 17, 25].<\/p>\r\n<p>R\u00edmsky \u0161t\u00e1t po\u017eadoval od ob\u010danov, aby uznali, \u017ee &#8220;Cis\u00e1r je Kyrios&#8221;. Ran\u00ed kres\u0165ania to odmietali a namiesto toho trvali na hesle &#8220;Kristus je Kyrios&#8221;. Z r\u00edmskeho byrokratick\u00e9ho a pr\u00e1vneho h\u013eadiska ne\u0161lo o teologick\u00fd detail, ale o manifest\u00e1ciu politickej vlastizrady (<em>crimen laesae maiestatis<\/em>) [cite: 7, 26]. Vyhl\u00e1si\u0165 Krista za P\u00e1na znamenalo automaticky deklarova\u0165, \u017ee r\u00edmsky cis\u00e1r n\u00edm nie je.<\/p>\r\n<p>Bolo postavenie Krista-Kyriosa vn\u00edman\u00e9 aj ako postavenie <em>posmrtn\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho vodcu<\/em>? \u00c1no. Pre pochopenie tohto faktu mus\u00edme pochopi\u0165 r\u00edmsky poh\u013ead na samotn\u00fd akt ukri\u017eovania. R\u00edmske imp\u00e9rium nevyu\u017e\u00edvalo kr\u00ed\u017e ako be\u017en\u00fd sp\u00f4sob popravy pre krimin\u00e1lnikov; i\u0161lo o mimoriadne surov\u00fd, verejn\u00fd a maxim\u00e1lne potupn\u00fd trest vyhraden\u00fd \u0161pecificky pre politick\u00fdch vzb\u00farencov, buri\u010dov a t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed ohrozovali \u0161t\u00e1tny apar\u00e1t [cite: 25, 27]. Ke\u010f Poncius Pil\u00e1t ods\u00fadil Je\u017ei\u0161a na ukri\u017eovanie, u\u0161etril ho v mene r\u00edmskej \u0161t\u00e1tnej bezpe\u010dnosti, lebo bol obvinen\u00fd, \u017ee sa rob\u00ed &#8220;Kr\u00e1\u013eom \u017didov&#8221; \u2013 \u010do bol priamy mocensk\u00fd \u00fatok na R\u00edm [cite: 27, 28].<\/p>\r\n<p>Z poh\u013eadu r\u00edmskych \u00faradn\u00edkov kres\u0165ania neuplat\u0148ovali iba &#8220;odli\u0161n\u00fd n\u00e1zor&#8221;. T\u00edto \u013eudia otvorene uctievali ukri\u017eovan\u00e9ho, \u0161t\u00e1tom popraven\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho zlo\u010dinca ako zvrchovan\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dcu univerza [cite: 8, 25]. Pre Rimanov bola t\u00e1to predstava nielen zvr\u00e1ten\u00e1, ale vyslovene proti\u0161t\u00e1tna. Glorifikova\u0165 zlyhanie a potupu v podobe ukri\u017eovan\u00e9ho &#8220;kr\u00e1\u013ea&#8221; znamenalo oslavova\u0165 opovrhovanie r\u00edmskou just\u00edciou a autoritou. Kres\u0165ania t\u00fdm R\u00edmu odkazovali: <em>V\u00e1\u0161 najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed trest, ktor\u00fdm udr\u017eiavate poriadok, je pre n\u00e1s symbolom triumfu n\u00e1\u0161ho vodcu nad va\u0161ou mocou.<\/em> Kristus tak na\u010falej riadil svoju odbojov\u00fa &#8220;arm\u00e1du&#8221; st\u00fapencov priamo zo z\u00e1hrobia.<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"m-gia-nekromancia-a-telepatia-r-mske-vn-manie-ducha-je-i-ovho-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Magia_nekromancia_a_telepatia_Rimske_vnimanie_%E2%80%9CDucha_Jezisovho%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>M\u00e1gia, nekromancia a telepatia: R\u00edmske vn\u00edmanie &#8220;Ducha Je\u017ei\u0161ovho&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Jedn\u00fdm z najfascinuj\u00facej\u0161\u00edch \u2013 a zo strany cirkevnej historiografie najviac potl\u00e1\u010dan\u00fdch \u2013 aspektov ran\u00fdch kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch dej\u00edn je sp\u00f4sob, ak\u00fdm antick\u00e1 kult\u00fara, filozofi a samotn\u00ed cis\u00e1ri ch\u00e1pali &#8220;z\u00e1zraky&#8221; a \u00fadajn\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 prejavy kres\u0165anov. Verili vtedaj\u0161\u00ed Rimania na telepatick\u00e9 schopnosti, \u0161piritizmus a komunik\u00e1ciu s m\u0155tvymi? Odpove\u010f je absol\u00fatne \u00e1no. Antick\u00fd svet, ako r\u00edmsky tak aj helenistick\u00fd, bol do h\u013abky pres\u00fdten\u00fd vierou v m\u00e1giu, astrol\u00f3giu, theurgiu (bo\u017esk\u00fa m\u00e1giu) a d\u00e9monol\u00f3giu [cite: 7, 23, 29, 30].<\/p>\r\n<p>V r\u00edmskej a gr\u00e9ckej magickej trad\u00edcii existoval ve\u013emi siln\u00fd koncept, ktor\u00fd sa ozna\u010doval term\u00ednom <strong>biaiothanatos<\/strong>. I\u0161lo o ozna\u010denie \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd zomrel nespravodlivou, pred\u010dasnou alebo extr\u00e9mne n\u00e1silnou smr\u0165ou, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 popravou. Antick\u00ed \u013eudia verili, \u017ee du\u0161a a duch tak\u00e9hoto jedinca nena\u0161li pokoj, zostali prip\u00fatan\u00e9 k zemi a disponuj\u00fa nesmiernou de\u0161trukt\u00edvnou a nadprirodzenou mocou [cite: 31, 32]. V dobov\u00fdch magick\u00fdch textoch a papyrusoch (tzv. <em>Papyri Graecae Magicae<\/em>) sa zachovali stovky zakl\u00ednadiel, v ktor\u00fdch sa antick\u00ed m\u00e1govia a nekromanti pok\u00fa\u0161ali &#8220;sp\u00fata\u0165&#8221; a ovl\u00e1da\u0165 pr\u00e1ve duchov n\u00e1silne usmrten\u00fdch os\u00f4b, aby pre nich vykon\u00e1vali \u00falohy, prekl\u00ednali nepriate\u013eov alebo robili z\u00e1zraky [cite: 30, 32, 33].<\/p>\r\n<p>V tomto kontexte neexistoval lep\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edklad entity <em>biaiothanatos<\/em> ako Je\u017ei\u0161 z Nazareta \u2013 radik\u00e1l n\u00e1silne umu\u010den\u00fd a popraven\u00fd na kr\u00ed\u017ei r\u00edmskou mocou [cite: 28, 31, 34].<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"obvinenia-z-m-gie-celsus-porf-rios-a-luki-nos\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Obvinenia_z_magie_Celsus_Porfyrios_a_Lukianos\"><\/span>Obvinenia z m\u00e1gie: Celsus, Porf\u00fdrios a Luki\u00e1nos<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Od prv\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed r\u00edmske a \u017eidovsk\u00e9 elity nehodnotili Krista ako proroka alebo syna Bo\u017eieho, ale ako mocn\u00e9ho \u010darodejn\u00edka a manipul\u00e1tora. Gr\u00e9cky filozof <strong>Celsus<\/strong> vo svojom sl\u00e1vnom protikres\u0165anskom spise tvrdil, \u017ee Je\u017ei\u0161 sa tajn\u00e9 magick\u00e9 umenie nau\u010dil v Egypte a svoje z\u00e1zraky vykon\u00e1val za pomoci de\u0161trukt\u00edvnych d\u00e9monick\u00fdch s\u00edl [cite: 23, 24, 35]. E\u0161te \u010falej za\u0161iel novoplat\u00f3nsky filozof <strong>Porf\u00fdrios<\/strong> vo svojom diele &#8220;Proti kres\u0165anom&#8221; (z konca 3. storo\u010dia, ktor\u00e9 nesk\u00f4r kres\u0165ansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri masovo p\u00e1lili) [cite: 29, 36, 37]. Z \u00fatr\u017ekov jeho diela, ako aj z \u010fal\u0161\u00edch dobov\u00fdch textov a \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho Talmudu (kde je Je\u017ei\u0161 ozna\u010dovan\u00fd za \u010darodejn\u00edka <em>Yeshu<\/em>, popraven\u00e9ho za m\u00e1giu a apost\u00e1ziu [cite: 24, 27]), vypl\u00fdva jasn\u00fd obraz: Kres\u0165ania neboli vn\u00edman\u00ed ako uctieva\u010di Boha, ale ako kultisti a nekromanti.<\/p>\r\n<p>Z poh\u013eadu r\u00edmskych \u00faradov a vzdelancov boli zdanliv\u00e9 z\u00e1zraky apo\u0161tolov a ran\u00fdch kres\u0165anov v\u00fdsledkom toho, \u017ee dok\u00e1zali vyvola\u0165 a &#8220;magicky kontrolova\u0165&#8221; nepokojn\u00e9ho ducha popraven\u00e9ho Je\u017ei\u0161a [cite: 31, 32]. Ke\u010f kres\u0165ania hovorili o tom, \u017ee s\u00fa &#8220;naplnen\u00ed Duchom Sv\u00e4t\u00fdm&#8221;, alebo \u017ee maj\u00fa &#8220;Ducha Kristovho&#8221; a konaj\u00fa &#8220;v mene Je\u017ei\u0161a&#8221; (onomata barbara), okolit\u00e1 pohansk\u00e1 kult\u00fara to ch\u00e1pala prizmou vtedaj\u0161ieho \u0161piritizmu: kres\u0165ania ritu\u00e1lne a &#8220;telepaticky&#8221; vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa m\u0155tveho zlo\u010dinca, ktor\u00fd z druh\u00e9ho sveta preber\u00e1 fyzick\u00fa kontrolu nad ich telami, vedom\u00edm a hlasom (d\u00e9monick\u00e1 posadnutos\u0165 a familiar spirits) [cite: 30, 33, 38]. Sl\u00e1vny gr\u00e9cky satirik <strong>Luki\u00e1nos zo Samosaty<\/strong> v diele <em>O smrti Peregr\u00ednovej<\/em> kres\u0165anmi z tohto d\u00f4vodu hlboko opovrhoval. Popisoval ich ako zmanipulovan\u00fdch bl\u00e1znov uctievaj\u00facich ukri\u017eovan\u00e9ho &#8220;sofistu&#8221; (podvodn\u00edka), ktor\u00fd im vsugeroval falo\u0161n\u00fa nesmrte\u013enos\u0165, v d\u00f4sledku \u010doho poh\u0155dali ob\u010dianskym pr\u00e1vom aj samotnou smr\u0165ou [cite: 34, 39, 40].<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"cis-r-a-hrozba-m-tveho-mu-a-zo-z-hrobia\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cisar_a_hrozba_%E2%80%9Cmrtveho_muza%E2%80%9D_zo_zahrobia\"><\/span>Cis\u00e1r a hrozba &#8220;m\u0155tveho mu\u017ea&#8221; zo z\u00e1hrobia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Z h\u013eadiska r\u00edmskeho \u0161t\u00e1tu existoval priepastn\u00fd rozdiel medzi autorizovanou vertik\u00e1lnou hierarchiou r\u00ed\u0161e (kde moc plynula od bohov cez cis\u00e1ra k ob\u010danom) a t\u00fdm, \u010do vn\u00edmali ako tajn\u00fa kres\u0165ansk\u00fa sie\u0165. T\u00fato sie\u0165 R\u00edm nevidel ako n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ale ako podzemn\u00fa kon\u0161pir\u00e1ciu prepojen\u00fa magickou, &#8216;telepatickou&#8217; kontrolou, na \u010dele ktorej st\u00e1l duch popraven\u00e9ho rebela. Toto nevidite\u013en\u00e9 prepojenie z nich robilo hrozbu, ktor\u00fa nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 kontrolova\u0165 tradi\u010dn\u00fdmi mocensk\u00fdmi n\u00e1strojmi.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tento \u0161piritistick\u00fd a telepatick\u00fd koncept pos\u00fava mocensk\u00fd boj medzi cis\u00e1rom a kres\u0165anmi do \u00faplne inej roviny. Ak sa be\u017en\u00fd ob\u010dan b\u00faril, cis\u00e1r ho zlikvidoval. Ak v\u0161ak \u0161t\u00e1tom popraven\u00fd nepriate\u013e dok\u00e1\u017ee zo z\u00e1hrobia priamo ovl\u00e1da\u0165 tis\u00edce ob\u010danov, maza\u0165 ich pud sebaz\u00e1chovy a pretv\u00e1ra\u0165 ich na fanatick\u00fdch vojakov vlastn\u00e9ho posmrtn\u00e9ho kultu, cis\u00e1r logicky vn\u00edma tohto &#8220;m\u0155tveho mu\u017ea&#8221; ako bezprecedentn\u00e9ho a akt\u00edvneho mocensk\u00e9ho konkurenta [cite: 25, 26, 32, 41].<\/p>\r\n<p>T\u00edto \u013eudia boli pre \u0161t\u00e1t de facto piatou kol\u00f3nou \u2013 infiltr\u00e1tormi, ktor\u00fdch mysle riadila cudzia (a vo\u010di R\u00edmu nepriate\u013esk\u00e1) entita z in\u00e9ho sveta. Ich &#8220;skuto\u010dn\u00fd cis\u00e1r&#8221; (Kyrios) im z druh\u00e9ho sveta naria\u010foval absol\u00fatnu neposlu\u0161nos\u0165 vo\u010di ak\u00fdmko\u013evek r\u00edmskym imperi\u00e1lnym autorit\u00e1m. V tomto kontexte strach r\u00edmskych autor\u00edt z kres\u0165anov v\u00f4bec nepramenil z &#8220;teologickej netolerancie k inej viere&#8221;, ale z panick\u00e9ho, politicko-paranorm\u00e1lneho strachu z podvratnej \u0161piritistickej siete, ktor\u00fa sa nedarilo zni\u010di\u0165 klasick\u00fdm justi\u010dn\u00fdm apar\u00e1tom.<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"zbyto-n-konflikt-pre-o-sa-pohansk-cis-ri-s-kres-anmi-nezhodli-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zbytocny_konflikt_Preco_sa_pohanski_cisari_s_krestanmi_nezhodli\"><\/span>Zbyto\u010dn\u00fd konflikt: Pre\u010do sa pohansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri s kres\u0165anmi nezhodli?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Cirkev sa rada \u0161tylizuje do \u00falohy nevinnej obete, ktor\u00e1 tristo rokov krv\u00e1cala pod me\u010dom permanentn\u00e9ho pohansk\u00e9ho teroru. Realita, dolo\u017een\u00e1 historikmi, je ove\u013ea prozaickej\u0161ia. K mas\u00edvnym, \u0161t\u00e1tom organizovan\u00fdm represi\u00e1m (ak\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vali napr\u00edklad cis\u00e1ri Decius, Valeri\u00e1n alebo Diokleci\u00e1n) doch\u00e1dzalo len epizodicky, najm\u00e4 v obdobiach drastickej vojenskej a hospod\u00e1rskej kr\u00edzy 3. storo\u010dia, ke\u010f sa imp\u00e9rium takmer zr\u00fatilo. R\u00edmska spolo\u010dnos\u0165 vtedy h\u013eadala &#8220;obetn\u00e9ho bar\u00e1nka&#8221;, ktor\u00fd odvr\u00e1til bo\u017esk\u00fa priaze\u0148, a kres\u0165ania, ktor\u00ed sa z ritu\u00e1lov verejne vy\u010dle\u0148ovali, sa stali \u013eahk\u00fdm ter\u010dom [cite: 4, 5, 10, 18].<\/p>\r\n<p>Ale po\u010das v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny prv\u00fdch dvoch storo\u010d\u00ed cis\u00e1ri a magistr\u00e1ti nemali absol\u00fatne \u017eiadny z\u00e1ujem kres\u0165anov plo\u0161ne vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u0165 a zab\u00edja\u0165. Kres\u0165ania mohli \u017ei\u0165 v mieri, ak by neurobili jednu fat\u00e1lnu dogmatick\u00fa chybu.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"mohli-sa-kres-ania-vyhn-prenasledovaniu-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mohli_sa_krestania_vyhnut_prenasledovaniu\"><\/span>Mohli sa kres\u0165ania vyhn\u00fa\u0165 prenasledovaniu?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>\u00c1no, celkom jednoducho a opakovane.<\/strong> Ak by ran\u00ed kres\u0165ania prejavili rovnak\u00fa d\u00e1vku politick\u00e9ho pragmatizmu a diplomacie ako \u017didia \u2013 teda ak by s\u00fahlasili s form\u00e1lnou pr\u00edsahou lojality a boli by ochotn\u00ed pomodli\u0165 sa k svojmu Bohu <em>za po\u017eehnanie a ochranu pre r\u00edmskeho cis\u00e1ra<\/em> a upusti\u0165 od svojej sekt\u00e1rskej utajenosti \u2013 \u017eiadne prenasledovanie by pravdepodobne neexistovalo.<\/p>\r\n<p>R\u00edmske spr\u00e1vanie k tomuto probl\u00e9mu najlep\u0161ie demon\u0161truje sl\u00e1vna kore\u0161pondencia medzi r\u00edmskym miestodr\u017eite\u013eom v Bith\u00fdnii Pl\u00edniom Mlad\u0161\u00edm a cis\u00e1rom Traj\u00e1nom (z roku 111 n. l.). Pl\u00ednius, ktor\u00fd nevedel, \u010do s kres\u0165anmi robi\u0165, p\u00ed\u0161e cis\u00e1rovi, \u017ee ich nevy\u0161etruje pre ich teol\u00f3giu. P\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee im d\u00e1va opakovane na v\u00fdber (a\u017e trikr\u00e1t), aby vykonali drobn\u00fd form\u00e1lny ritu\u00e1l lojality r\u00ed\u0161i (napr\u00edklad zap\u00e1lenie \u0161tipky kadidla pred cis\u00e1rovou sochou). A\u017e po absurdne neustup\u010divom odmietnut\u00ed Pl\u00ednius vol\u00ed popravu, a to nie pre ich vieru, ale pre ich &#8220;tvrdohlavos\u0165 a ne\u00fastup\u010divos\u0165&#8221; (contumacia) pred z\u00e1stupcom r\u00edmskej moci [cite: 4, 6, 7, 10, 18]. Cis\u00e1r Traj\u00e1n mu na to odpisuje in\u0161trukciu, ktor\u00e1 sa stala r\u00edmskym \u0161tandardom: <em>Kres\u0165anov \u0161t\u00e1t nesmie akt\u00edvne vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u0165 (conquirendi non sunt). Anonymn\u00e9 udania sa nesm\u00fa bra\u0165 do \u00favahy. Ak je niekto usved\u010den\u00fd, m\u00e1 by\u0165 potrestan\u00fd, ale ak poprie, \u017ee je kres\u0165anom, a dok\u00e1\u017ee to obetovan\u00edm bohom, m\u00e1 mu by\u0165 udelen\u00e1 milos\u0165.<\/em> [cite: 4, 7, 10]<\/p>\r\n<p>Toto nie je postoj krut\u00e9ho totalitn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu, ktor\u00fd chce vyhubi\u0165 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo. Je to postoj frustrovan\u00e9ho byrokratick\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu, ktor\u00fd len vy\u017eaduje potvrdenie z\u00e1kladnej ob\u010dianskej podriadenosti.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"d-vody-eskal-cie-seba-izol-cia-utajenie-a-ur-ka-r-ma\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dovody_eskalacie_Seba-izolacia_utajenie_a_urazka_Rima\"><\/span>D\u00f4vody eskal\u00e1cie: Seba-izol\u00e1cia, utajenie a ur\u00e1\u017eka R\u00edma<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Pre\u010do teda kres\u0165ania rad\u0161ej umierali v ar\u00e9nach?<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>D\u00e9moniz\u00e1cia okolia:<\/strong> Na rozdiel od \u017didov a gnostikov, ortodoxn\u00e9 ran\u00e9 kres\u0165anstvo pova\u017eovalo v\u0161etky cudzie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 a kulty za priamu manifest\u00e1ciu a uctievanie zl\u00fdch, d\u00e9monick\u00fdch s\u00edl [cite: 2, 10, 23, 42]. Vyjadri\u0165 re\u0161pekt r\u00edmskej \u0161t\u00e1tnej soche znamenalo pre ortodoxn\u00e9ho kres\u0165ana podvoli\u0165 sa Satanovi. Neexistoval pre nich priestor pre ob\u010diansky kompromis.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Tajn\u00e9 sch\u00f4dzky a podozrenie z kon\u0161pir\u00e1cie:<\/strong> Kres\u0165ania sa sch\u00e1dzali tajne, pod r\u00fa\u0161kom noci, v uzavret\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnostiach \u010di v katakomb\u00e1ch. V R\u00edmskom pr\u00e1ve boli neautorizovan\u00e9 a tajn\u00e9 spolky (tzv. <em>hetaeriae<\/em> alebo <em>collegia clandestina<\/em>) pr\u00edsne zak\u00e1zan\u00e9, preto\u017ee historicky sl\u00fa\u017eili ako inkub\u00e1tory politick\u00fdch vzb\u00far [cite: 6, 7, 8, 43, 44]. Z r\u00edmskeho poh\u013eadu musel ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto vykon\u00e1va n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo potme a odmieta zverejni\u0165 svoje ritu\u00e1ly, taji\u0165 proti\u0161t\u00e1tnu, nemor\u00e1lnu alebo magick\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 (odtia\u013e pramenili ch\u00fdry o kres\u0165anskom kanibalizme z nepochopenia &#8220;jedenia tela Kristovho&#8221; a o orgi\u00e1ch) [cite: 4, 6, 7, 8, 45].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mu\u010den\u00edctvo ako mocensk\u00e1 strat\u00e9gia:<\/strong> Cirkev dnes neprizn\u00e1va, \u017ee obeta mu\u010den\u00edkov bola vynikaj\u00faco zorganizovanou PR strat\u00e9giou. Kres\u0165ansk\u00ed obhajcovia a biskupi (napr. Ign\u00e1c z Antiochie) vyslovene in\u0161truovali svojich st\u00fapencov, aby sa smrti nevyh\u00fdbali a aby odmietli ak\u00fdko\u013evek r\u00edmsky \u0161t\u00e1tny \u00fastupok. Krv mu\u010den\u00edkov sa stala semenom cirkvi \u2013 sl\u00fa\u017eila na fanatizovanie vlastnej z\u00e1kladne a radikaliz\u00e1ciu komunity vo\u010di R\u00edmu [cite: 4, 5, 18]. R\u00edmski sudcovia \u010dasto nech\u00e1pavo kr\u00fatili hlavou nad t\u00fdm, pre\u010do sa t\u00edto \u013eudia masovo a dobrovo\u013ene hl\u00e1sia o trest smrti len preto, \u017ee si odmietaj\u00fa plni\u0165 element\u00e1rne spolo\u010densk\u00e9 povinnosti, ktor\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u0161etci ostatn\u00ed ob\u010dania r\u00ed\u0161e.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Faktory R\u00edmskeho nap\u00e4tia<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Pohansk\u00fd pragmatizmus<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Dogmatick\u00fd Kres\u0165ansk\u00fd pr\u00edstup<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Poh\u013ead na cudzie viery<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Synkretizmus: bohovia in\u00fdch s\u00fa len in\u00e9 formy vlastn\u00fdch bohov, s\u00fa hodn\u00ed re\u0161pektu [cite: 2, 6].<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Exkluzivizmus: cudz\u00ed bohovia s\u00fa d\u00e9moni, ktor\u00fdch treba zni\u010di\u0165 [cite: 10, 23].<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Vyjadrenie lojality<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">O\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e1 vonkaj\u0161ia ob\u010dianska \u00facta (napr. zap\u00e1lenie kadidla) pre zachovanie poriadku [cite: 7, 25].<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Radik\u00e1lne odmietnutie akejko\u013evek \u00facty inej moci ne\u017e &#8220;Kyriosovi&#8221;, \u010do evokuje vlastizradu (<em>maiestas<\/em>).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Charakter zhroma\u017eden\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Verejn\u00e9 sviatky a ritu\u00e1ly zos\u00faladen\u00e9 s kalend\u00e1rom a in\u0161tit\u00faciami mesta [cite: 6].<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tajn\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00e9 sch\u00f4dzky, buduj\u00face auton\u00f3mne a antisyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 siete moci [cite: 7, 17, 44].<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 id=\"zrod-totalitnej-moci-kres-ansk-cis-ri-a-in-titucionaliz-cia-netolerancie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zrod_totalitnej_moci_Krestanski_cisari_a_institucionalizacia_netolerancie\"><\/span>Zrod totalitnej moci: Kres\u0165ansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri a in\u0161titucionaliz\u00e1cia netolerancie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Skuto\u010dn\u00fd, nekritick\u00fd charakter cirkvi sa naplno odhalil nie v \u010dase, ke\u010f bola prenasledovan\u00e1, ale v momente, ke\u010f sa dostala k politickej moci. Historick\u00e9 porovnanie toho, ako &#8220;krut\u00ed&#8221; pohansk\u00ed r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri tolerovali \u017didov, s t\u00fdm, ako n\u00e1sledne &#8220;kres\u0165ansk\u00ed&#8221; r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri tolerovali kohoko\u013evek in\u00e9ho okrem schv\u00e1lenej, \u00fazkej ortodoxie, je mraziv\u00e9 a demaskuje prav\u00fa podstatu kres\u0165ansk\u00e9ho teokratick\u00e9ho myslenia [cite: 2, 46, 47].<\/p>\r\n<p>Akon\u00e1hle sa po Kon\u0161tant\u00ednovi stal kres\u0165ansk\u00fd kult \u0161t\u00e1tom favorizovan\u00fdm a n\u00e1sledne jedinou \u0161t\u00e1tnou religionistikou, r\u00ed\u0161a, ktor\u00e1 predt\u00fdm prij\u00edmala tis\u00edce rozli\u010dn\u00fdch kultov, za\u010dala z poverenia biskupov uplat\u0148ova\u0165 masov\u00fa, dogmatick\u00fa, my\u0161lienkov\u00fa pol\u00edciu a bezprecedentn\u00fd teror.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"theodosi-nsky-k-dex-cesta-ku-stredovek-mu-temnu\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theodosiansky_kodex_Cesta_ku_stredovekemu_temnu\"><\/span>Theodosi\u00e1nsky k\u00f3dex: Cesta ku stredovek\u00e9mu temnu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p>Prelomom bol rok 380 n. l., kedy cis\u00e1r Theodosius I. (v\u00fdrazne manipulovan\u00fd dogmatick\u00fdmi biskupmi, najm\u00e4 Ambr\u00f3zom z Mil\u00e1na) vydal Edikt z Thessaloniky (Cunctos populos). Tento v\u00fdnos zakotvil ortodoxn\u00e9 Nicejsk\u00e9 (katol\u00edcke) kres\u0165anstvo ako <em>jedin\u00e9 z\u00e1konn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo<\/em> celej R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e a v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 my\u0161lienkov\u00e9 smery ozna\u010dil za hanebn\u00e9 kac\u00edrske \u0161ialenstvo [cite: 5, 19, 47, 48].<\/p>\r\n<p>Praktick\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu tejto tyranie dokumentuje obrovsk\u00e1 zbierka r\u00edmskeho pr\u00e1va, <strong>Codex Theodosianus<\/strong> (vydan\u00e1 r. 438 n. l.), a najm\u00e4 jej \u0160estn\u00e1sta kniha (<em>De Fide Catholica<\/em>). V nej nach\u00e1dzame systematick\u00fa likvid\u00e1ciu troch hlavn\u00fdch skup\u00edn obyvate\u013estva [cite: 42, 47, 49, 50, 51]:<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"1-genoc-da-pohanskej-kult-ry\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Genocida_pohanskej_kultury\"><\/span>1. Genoc\u00edda pohanskej kult\u00fary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Zatia\u013e \u010do pohansk\u00fd R\u00edm do svojej r\u00ed\u0161e pohlcoval filozofie a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 z cel\u00e9ho sveta, kres\u0165ansk\u00e1 R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a prikro\u010dila ku kult\u00farnej eugenike. Theodosius v rokoch 391 a 392 n. l. vydal dekr\u00e9ty, ktor\u00e9 pod trestom smrti a prepadnutia majetku zakazovali v\u0161etky pohansk\u00e9 obety, nielen vo verejn\u00fdch chr\u00e1moch, ale aj dom\u00e1ce ritu\u00e1ly v s\u00fakrom\u00ed rodiny (napr\u00edklad zapa\u013eovanie svie\u010dok dom\u00e1cim g\u00e9niom, uctievanie s\u00f4ch) [cite: 48, 49, 51]. Bolo nariaden\u00e9 zatv\u00e1ranie chr\u00e1mov, \u010do zfanatizovan\u00e9 davy oby\u010dajn\u00fdch kres\u0165anov a mn\u00edchov zneu\u017e\u00edvali na hromadn\u00e9 drancovanie, rabovanie a &#8220;desakraliz\u00e1ciu&#8221; antick\u00fdch s\u00f4ch, kni\u017en\u00edc a stavieb nesmiernej historickej a umeleckej hodnoty [cite: 48, 52, 53]. Kres\u0165ania zak\u00e1zali starovek\u00e9 Olympijsk\u00e9 hry a za vl\u00e1dy kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov, nesk\u00f4r vrcholiac Justini\u00e1nom I., boli systematicky uzatv\u00e1ran\u00e9 starovek\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 \u0161koly (napr. Plat\u00f3nova Akad\u00e9mia v At\u00e9nach zru\u0161en\u00e1 v r. 529), preto\u017ee predstavovali konkurenciu pre kres\u0165ansk\u00fa dogmatiku [cite: 52, 53]. Intelektu\u00e1lna pluralita bola zni\u010den\u00e1.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"2-brut-lne-prenasledovanie-heretikov-a-in-ch-kres-anov\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Brutalne_prenasledovanie_heretikov_a_inych_krestanov\"><\/span>2. Brut\u00e1lne prenasledovanie heretikov a in\u00fdch kres\u0165anov<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Pohansk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t trestal len ob\u010diansku vzburu; kres\u0165ansk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t za\u010dal tresta\u0165 nespr\u00e1vne my\u0161lienky. Ak ste boli kres\u0165anom, ale neuzn\u00e1vali ste presn\u00fa doktr\u00ednu biskupov, \u010dakala v\u00e1s likvid\u00e1cia.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ari\u00e1ni a Gnostici:<\/strong> Ari\u00e1ni (ktor\u00ed neuzn\u00e1vali pln\u00fa rovnos\u0165 Krista s Bohom Otcom) a Gnostici (vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00faci tajn\u00e9 poznanie a dualistick\u00fa podstatu sveta) boli priamo kriminalizovan\u00ed [cite: 10, 47, 54]. Boli ozna\u010dovan\u00ed term\u00ednom &#8220;insania&#8221; (\u0161ialenci). Theodosi\u00e1nsky k\u00f3dex im konfi\u0161koval majetky, zakazoval im sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ich vlastn\u00e9 om\u0161e (a to dokonca aj na s\u00fakromn\u00fdch pozemkoch v domoch) [cite: 43, 51, 55].<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Manichejci a \u010fal\u0161ie sekty:<\/strong> E\u0161te hor\u0161ie dopadli st\u00fapenci Manichejizmu. Cis\u00e1rske v\u00fdnosy naria\u010fovali ich vyhnanie z miest a dokonca im (spolu s in\u00fdmi) odoberali pr\u00e1vo sp\u00edsa\u0165 platn\u00fd z\u00e1vet alebo dedi\u0165, \u010d\u00edm z nich robili ob\u010danov druhej kateg\u00f3rie ods\u00faden\u00fdch na soci\u00e1lnu izol\u00e1ciu a biedu [cite: 43, 49, 51, 54, 55].<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Tento teokratick\u00fd teror za\u0161iel tak \u010faleko, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve v tomto obdob\u00ed (okolo roku 385 n. l. v meste Trier) bol kres\u0165ansk\u00fd vzdelanec a biskup <strong>Priscillian<\/strong> z Hisp\u00e1nie popraven\u00fd in\u00fdmi kres\u0165anmi za svoje neortodoxn\u00e9, jemne manichejsk\u00e9 a gnostick\u00e9 my\u0161lienky [cite: 52]. I\u0161lo o jeden z prv\u00fdch pr\u00edpadov usmrtenia kres\u0165ana kres\u0165anmi pre &#8220;my\u0161lienkov\u00fd zlo\u010din&#8221;, ktor\u00fd od\u0161tartoval tis\u00edcro\u010die cirkevn\u00fdch inkviz\u00edci\u00ed a upa\u013eovania kac\u00edrov.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"3-likvid-cia-idovsk-ch-slob-d\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Likvidacia_zidovskych_slobod\"><\/span>3. Likvid\u00e1cia \u017eidovsk\u00fdch slob\u00f4d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p>Ak pohansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri garantovali \u017didom ochranu ich synag\u00f3g, auton\u00f3miu ich s\u00fadov a pr\u00e1vo na vlastn\u00e9 zvyky, kres\u0165ansk\u00e1 nadvl\u00e1da tieto privil\u00e9gi\u00e1 za\u010dala krok za krokom ru\u0161i\u0165. Cirkevn\u00e1 ideol\u00f3gia, posadnut\u00e1 h\u013eadan\u00edm &#8220;vrahov Krista&#8221;, pretransformovala teologick\u00fd antijudaizmus do re\u00e1lnej \u0161t\u00e1tnej politiky a apartheidu [cite: 12, 52].<\/p>\r\n<p>Fanatizovan\u00e9 kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 davy za\u010dali cielene zapa\u013eova\u0165 synag\u00f3gy po celom imp\u00e9riu. Ke\u010f dav veden\u00fd biskupom zni\u010dil synag\u00f3gu v s\u00fdrskom meste Kallinikum, cis\u00e1r Theodosius I., e\u0161te \u010diasto\u010dne re\u0161pektuj\u00faci r\u00edmske z\u00e1kony na ochranu majetku, nariadil, aby kres\u0165ania a biskup t\u00fato synag\u00f3gu na vlastn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady opravili [cite: 52]. Vtedy v\u0161ak zasiahol mimoriadne vplyvn\u00fd a radik\u00e1lny biskup <strong>Ambr\u00f3z z Mil\u00e1na<\/strong>. Ten cis\u00e1ra verejne ods\u00fadil za to, \u017ee &#8220;uprednost\u0148uje prest\u00ed\u017e \u0161t\u00e1tu pred prest\u00ed\u017eou cirkvi&#8221;, a pod hrozbou exkomunik\u00e1cie a odopretia prij\u00edmania eucharistie (\u010do by oslabilo cis\u00e1rovu autoritu) don\u00fatil Theodosia pokori\u0165 sa, zru\u0161i\u0165 vlastn\u00fd z\u00e1kon a necha\u0165 vyp\u00e1lenie synag\u00f3gy bez trestu [cite: 52]. T\u00fdm cirkev preuk\u00e1zala svoju absol\u00fatnu nadradenos\u0165 nad pr\u00e1vnym \u0161t\u00e1tom. N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 legislat\u00edva zak\u00e1zala stavbu nov\u00fdch synag\u00f3g, zak\u00e1zala \u017didom zast\u00e1va\u0165 verejn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1tne \u00farady a velite\u013esk\u00e9 funkcie v arm\u00e1de, zak\u00e1zala zmie\u0161an\u00e9 man\u017eelstv\u00e1 (trestan\u00e9 smr\u0165ou) a nesk\u00f4r \u017didom obmedzila pr\u00e1vo sved\u010di\u0165 proti kres\u0165anom [cite: 12, 52].<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"z-ver-a-zhodnotenie\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zaver_a_zhodnotenie\"><\/span>Z\u00e1ver a zhodnotenie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>Pri d\u00f4slednej historickej a sekul\u00e1rnej anal\u00fdze mus\u00edme tradi\u010dn\u00fd cirkevn\u00fd poh\u013ead na prv\u00e9 storo\u010dia existencie kres\u0165anstva jednozna\u010dne odmietnu\u0165. R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a nebola imp\u00e9riom iracion\u00e1lnej krutosti vo\u010di &#8220;inovercom&#8221;. Jej pohansk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri, reprezentuj\u00faci pragmatick\u00fd a inkluz\u00edvny r\u00edmsky pluralizmus, nemali najmen\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m tolerova\u0165 starobyl\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 trad\u00edcie, ako bol judaizmus, preto\u017ee \u017didia na\u0161li funk\u010dn\u00fd civilno-politick\u00fd kompromis. R\u00edmu sta\u010dilo, \u017ee \u017didia loj\u00e1lne uzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa mocensk\u00fd poriadok a modlia sa za po\u017eehnanie cis\u00e1ra.<\/p>\r\n<p>Kres\u0165anstvo sa odmietlo prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165, no nie z akejsi \u010distoty viery, ale z priamo\u010diaro agres\u00edvneho, radik\u00e1lne-dogmatick\u00e9ho a mocensky subverz\u00edvneho d\u00f4vodu. Kres\u0165ania vytvorili politick\u00fd disent postaven\u00fd na privlastnen\u00ed si \u0161t\u00e1tnej imperi\u00e1lnej r\u00e9toriky (<em>Kyrios<\/em>, <em>Evangelion<\/em>). Budovali tajn\u00fa, kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00fa a antisyst\u00e9mov\u00fa sie\u0165 (tzv. &#8220;hetaeriae&#8221;), ktor\u00e1 nar\u00fa\u0161ala soci\u00e1lne \u0161trukt\u00fary imp\u00e9ria. Pre pohansk\u00e9 \u00farady to bola ileg\u00e1lna sekta, ktorej z\u00e1zraky pramenili z m\u00e1gie, \u0161piritizmu a nekromancie (odvol\u00e1van\u00edm sa na ducha n\u00e1silne zabit\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tneho krimin\u00e1lnika). V ich o\u010diach boli st\u00fapenci tejto sekty posadnut\u00ed entitou zosnul\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho rebela, a preto predstavovali priamu konkurenciu svetskej moci cis\u00e1ra. Preto, hoci \u0161t\u00e1t dlho prejavoval mimoriadnu trpezlivos\u0165 a umo\u017e\u0148oval kres\u0165anom zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 si \u017eivot drobn\u00fdm ob\u010dianskym gestom, extr\u00e9mistick\u00e9 kr\u00eddla ran\u00fdch kres\u0165anov vedome vyh\u013ead\u00e1vali smr\u0165 a konflikt. Toto mu\u010den\u00edctvo nepou\u017e\u00edvali na obhajobu pravdy, ale na politick\u00fa propagandu a na utu\u017eovanie nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho izolacionizmu.<\/p>\r\n<p>Av\u0161ak najv\u00e1\u017enej\u0161ie obvinenie proti cirkvi prin\u00e1\u0161a faktografick\u00e1 kompar\u00e1cia oboch epoch. Hnutie, ktor\u00e9 kri\u010dalo o slobode vyznania a kritizovalo represiu r\u00edmskeho apar\u00e1tu, zradilo svoje vlastn\u00e9 tvrdenia v prvej min\u00fate po z\u00edskan\u00ed absol\u00fatnej moci. Kon\u0161tant\u00ednom po\u010dn\u00fac a hr\u00f4zovl\u00e1dnymi teokratick\u00fdmi ediktmi Theodosi\u00e1nskeho k\u00f3dexu pokra\u010duj\u00fac, kres\u0165ansk\u00fd &#8220;triumf&#8221; znamenal brut\u00e1lnu \u0161t\u00e1tnu perzek\u00faciu \u017eidovstva, genoc\u00eddu a rabovanie antickej pohanskej filozofie, desakraliz\u00e1ciu kult\u00farneho dedi\u010dstva a \u2013 \u010do je historicky najsmutnej\u0161ie \u2013 priamu, leg\u00e1lne sankcionovan\u00fa konfi\u0161k\u00e1ciu pr\u00e1v, exilovanie a popravy v\u0161etk\u00fdch inak zm\u00fd\u0161\u013eaj\u00facich kres\u0165anov (gnostikov, ari\u00e1nov a manichejcov). Dogmatick\u00fd exkluzivizmus kres\u0165anstva infikoval a zni\u010dil tolerantn\u00fd r\u00edmsky polyteistick\u00fd priestor a premenil R\u00edmsku r\u00ed\u0161u na totalitn\u00fa my\u0161lienkov\u00fa pol\u00edciu, \u010d\u00edm uvrhol spolo\u010dnos\u0165 do mraziv\u00e9ho stredovek\u00e9ho temna \u00fatlaku a cirkevn\u00fdch inkviz\u00edci\u00ed, z ktor\u00e9ho sa civiliz\u00e1cia spam\u00e4t\u00e1vala cel\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie tis\u00edcro\u010die.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/resources.saylor.org\/wwwresources\/archived\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/HIST101-6.4.2-ChristianityAndTheRomanEmpire-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">saylor.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religious_persecution_in_the_Roman_Empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xPX7bS8fjKk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">youtube.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Christianity\/Relations-between-Christianity-and-the-Roman-government-and-the-Hellenistic-culture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">britannica.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyskills.com\/classroom\/ancient-history\/roman-mystery-religions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historyskills.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carolashby.com\/christians-criminals-roman-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carolashby.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Why-did-Christians-lie-about-persecution-by-the-Romans-who-in-reality-tolerated-other-religions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sharperiron.org\/article\/religious-pluralism-and-tolerance-roman-empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharperiron.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Christianity\/Early-heretical-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">britannica.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scriptaclassica.org\/index.php\/sci\/article\/download\/2357\/1751\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccjr.us\/dialogika-resources\/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship\/roman-laws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bible.ca\/synagogues\/Schedia-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyIII-Queen-Berenice-proseuche-house-prayer-dedicated-240bc.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bible.ca<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.posenlibrary.com\/guide\/early-evidence-synagogue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">posenlibrary.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.judaism-and-rome.org\/inscriptions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judaism-and-rome.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.posenlibrary.com\/guide\/synagogue-inscriptions-noting-donations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">posenlibrary.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-history-of-ancient-christianity\/early-christians-and-roman-imperial-ideology\/1C990B2F55CB9BD6197E6E56FCE41C4F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.duke.edu\/~sch9\/papers\/romans.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">duke.edu<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.institute\/sociology-of-religion\/establishment-christianity-roman-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sociology.institute<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF--eIwqyMVYzjmHhSMP-nXkIBc5EARQ1ABY96YvM4vh0peK5xurInCXysnVXNgfdv5pCpr0Wa2OXjGJ9k0i9OczYt4K9sDkF8O3kBTHzyRVktChw1iAqVHWdggq87dpn_9jC-YGyM=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catholicbooksreview.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.diw.de\/sixcms\/detail.php?id=41507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diw.de<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/umnlibraries.manifoldapp.org\/read\/conversion-to-christianity\/section\/4ddbbb4a-3746-4168-9a64-71fd3ad919a5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manifoldapp.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/referenceworks.brill.com\/display\/entries\/EECO\/SIM-00003295.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brill.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Have-any-biblical-scholars-ever-posited-that-Jesus-was-in-fact-a-wizard-Or-is-this-a-completely-new-idea-that-has-never-been-heard-of\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Why-did-Rome-persecute-Christians-Why-would-they-even-care-with-all-the-other-gods-worshipped-across-the-empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Why-did-the-early-Christians-face-persecution-from-the-Romans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/biblehub.com\/q\/Evidence_for_Luke_23_37_events.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biblehub.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wordonfire.org\/articles\/fellows\/four-reasons-to-believe-jesus-was-really-crucified\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wordonfire.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccel.org\/s\/schaff\/history\/2_ch03.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ccel.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wasjesusamagician.blogspot.com\/p\/jesus-possessor-of-spirits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blogspot.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/409315243\/Dragging-Down-Heaven-Jesus-as-Magician-and-Manipulator-of-Spirits-in-the-Gospels-pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scribd.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/118368850\/Jesus-The-Magician\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scribd.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.debunking-christianity.com\/2016\/07\/was-jesus-tried-for-sorcery-by-robert.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debunking-christianity.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/literatureandhistory.com\/episode-087-lucian-of-samosata\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">literatureandhistory.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu\/nanna\/record\/205915\/files\/b20762580_C040059222.pdf?withWatermark=0&amp;withMetadata=0&amp;registerDownload=1&amp;version=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">berkeley.edu<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neoplatonism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/therealsamizdat.com\/2014\/07\/03\/porphyry-on-christ\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">therealsamizdat.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/having-the-spirit-of-christ-spirit-possession-and-exorcism-in-the-early-christ-groups-0300245629-9780300245622.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dokumen.pub<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carljohnson.blog\/tag\/lucian-of-samosata\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carljohnson.blog<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/What-did-Lucian-of-Samosata-say-about-Jesus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quora.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.up.ac.za\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/67f636c2-2dd5-4e76-8c01-ad06749e4954\/content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up.ac.za<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saet.ac.uk\/Christianity\/ChristianityandGraecoRomanPaganism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">saet.ac.uk<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fourthcentury.com\/imperial-laws-364\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fourthcentury.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/renner.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/RRR_Sample.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">renner.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/christian-and-pagan-in-the-roman-empire-the-witness-of-tertullian-0813210208-9780813210209.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dokumen.pub<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/history.stackexchange.com\/questions\/46227\/how-did-christianity-replace-roman-paganism-and-other-ancient-religions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stackexchange.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historiography_of_the_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/AskHistorians\/comments\/6zw3oz\/how_violently_was_paganism_and_gnosticismarianism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reddit.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livingthebible.blog\/2026\/05\/17\/the-theodosian-code-when-christianity-became-imperial-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">livingthebible.blog<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/30498428\/The_Theodosian_Law_Codes_and_the_Demise_of_the_Temples\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">academia.edu<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/open.oregonstate.education\/ancientcivilizations\/chapter\/theodosian-code\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oregonstate.education<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.fsmitha.com\/h1\/religion53.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fsmitha.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/isidore.co\/misc\/Res%20pro%20Deo\/TheCatholicArchive_OCRed\/OCR_layer_only\/239_OCR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isidore.co<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ekklesiamag.wordpress.com\/imperial-authority-and-the-other-the-treatment-of-heretics-in-the-reign-of-theodosius-ii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wordpress.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>************************************************************************************************************<br \/>\r\n************************************************************************************************************<br \/>\r\nTieto ot\u00e1zky sa dot\u00fdkaj\u00fa samotn\u00e9ho jadru konfliktu medzi ran\u00fdm kres\u0165anstvom a r\u00edmskou \u0161t\u00e1tnou mocou. Z poh\u013eadu modernej historickej a teologickej vedy nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ran\u00e9 kres\u0165anstvo oddeli\u0165 od politick\u00e9ho kontextu doby, v ktorej vznikalo.<br \/>\r\nNi\u017e\u0161ie n\u00e1jdete podrobn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu jednotliv\u00fdch bodov, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa politiku, r\u00edmsku vieru v nadprirodzeno a vn\u00edmanie Krista ako mocensk\u00e9ho konkurenta.<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"margin: 16px 0 2px 0; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.25;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Bolo_krestanstvo_v_Rimskej_risi_politickym_hnutim\"><\/span>1. Bolo kres\u0165anstvo v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i politick\u00fdm hnut\u00edm?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"margin: 2px 0 6px 0; line-height: 1.35;\">Ran\u00ed kres\u0165ania sami seba nevn\u00edmali ako politick\u00fa stranu alebo disidentov, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa zvrhn\u00fa\u0165 r\u00edmsku vl\u00e1du. V Biblii nach\u00e1dzame v\u00fdzvy k poslu\u0161nosti vo\u010di svetsk\u00fdm vl\u00e1dcom (napr.&nbsp;\u201eDajte cis\u00e1rovi, \u010do je cis\u00e1rovo&#8230;\u201c&nbsp;v Mat\u00fa\u0161ovi 22, alebo List Rimanom 13).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin: 6px 0 4px 0; line-height: 1.35;\">Napriek tomu malo kres\u0165anstvo&nbsp;<strong>nesmierny politick\u00fd a podvratn\u00fd dosah<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin: 4px 0; padding-left: 18px;\">\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Konflikt s cis\u00e1rskym kultom:<\/strong>&nbsp;R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a vy\u017eadovala od ob\u010danov lojalitu prejavovan\u00fa \u00fa\u010das\u0165ou na \u0161t\u00e1tnom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve a ritu\u00e1loch venovan\u00fdch cis\u00e1rovi (ktor\u00fd bol ozna\u010dovan\u00fd za bo\u017estvo \u2013&nbsp;Divi filius&nbsp;\/ Syn Bo\u017e\u00ed). Pre kres\u0165anov bol ritu\u00e1lny obrad vo\u010di cis\u00e1rovi modl\u00e1rstvom. Odmietnutie obety cis\u00e1rovi r\u00edmski \u00faradn\u00edci nevn\u00edmali ako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa slobodu, ale ako&nbsp;<strong>vlastizradu (majestas)<\/strong>&nbsp;a politick\u00fa neloj\u00e1lnos\u0165 vo\u010di \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Soci\u00e1lna rovnos\u0165:<\/strong>&nbsp;Kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 u\u010denie, \u017ee pred Bohom s\u00fa si v\u0161etci rovn\u00ed (otrok, slobodn\u00fd, \u017eena, mu\u017e), priamo podkop\u00e1valo r\u00edmsku soci\u00e1lnu hierarchiu postaven\u00fa na pr\u00edsnom triednom rozdelen\u00ed a otroctve. Pre mnoh\u00fdch utl\u00e1\u010dan\u00fdch (otrokov a \u017eeny) mohlo by\u0165 toto hnutie vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako forma soci\u00e1lno-politick\u00e9ho oslobodenia.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 style=\"margin: 16px 0 2px 0; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.25;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Kristus-Kyrios_Posmrtny_politicky_vodca\"><\/span>2. Kristus-Kyrios: Posmrtn\u00fd politick\u00fd vodca?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"margin: 2px 0 4px 0; line-height: 1.35;\">Pou\u017e\u00edvanie titulu&nbsp;<strong>Kyrios (K\u00fdrios \/ \u039a\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2)<\/strong>&nbsp;pre Je\u017ei\u0161a malo v 1. storo\u010d\u00ed priamy politick\u00fd podt\u00f3n.<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin: 4px 0; padding-left: 18px;\">\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>P\u00e1n versus Cis\u00e1r:<\/strong>&nbsp;V r\u00edmskom svete bol ofici\u00e1lny titul cis\u00e1ra (napr\u00edklad Nerona alebo Domici\u00e1na) pr\u00e1ve&nbsp;Kyrios&nbsp;alebo&nbsp;Dominus&nbsp;(P\u00e1n\/Vl\u00e1dca). Vyhl\u00e1senie kres\u0165anov, \u017ee&nbsp;\u201eJe\u017ei\u0161 je P\u00e1n\u201c&nbsp;(Iesous Kyrios), bolo priamou, vedomou alternat\u00edvou k \u0161t\u00e1tnemu heslu&nbsp;\u201eCis\u00e1r je P\u00e1n\u201c&nbsp;(Kaisar Kyrios).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Popraven\u00fd politick\u00fd rebel:<\/strong>&nbsp;Pre r\u00edmsku moc bol Je\u017ei\u0161 Nazaretsk\u00fd \u010dlovekom, ktor\u00e9ho r\u00edmsky prokur\u00e1tor Pontsk\u00fd Pil\u00e1t ods\u00fadil a popravil za buri\u010dstvo a politick\u00fa vzburu (ke\u010f\u017ee sa vyhlasoval za \u201eKr\u00e1\u013ea \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho\u201c). Uctievanie popraven\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tneho v\u00e4z\u0148a ako najvy\u0161\u0161ieho vl\u00e1dcu vesm\u00edru, ktor\u00fd stoj\u00ed nad cis\u00e1rom, bolo z poh\u013eadu R\u00edma politicky vysoko provokat\u00edvne. Kres\u0165ania tak uctievali vodcu, ktor\u00e9ho autorita pre nich st\u00e1la nad autoritou R\u00edma.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 style=\"margin: 16px 0 2px 0; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.25;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Verili_vtedajsi_Rimania_na_telepaticke_schopnosti_a_spiritizmus\"><\/span>3. Verili vtedaj\u0161\u00ed Rimania na telepatick\u00e9 schopnosti a \u0161piritizmus?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"margin: 2px 0 4px 0; line-height: 1.35;\">\u00c1no, starovek\u00ed Rimania mali hlbok\u00fa vieru v nadprirodzen\u00fd svet, posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot a komunik\u00e1ciu s n\u00edm, hoci nepou\u017e\u00edvali modern\u00e9 slov\u00e1 ako \u201etelepatia\u201c alebo \u201e\u0161piritizmus\u201c:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin: 4px 0; padding-left: 18px;\">\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Nekromancia (vyvol\u00e1vanie m\u0155tvych):<\/strong>&nbsp;Rimania verili, \u017ee duchovia zomrel\u00fdch (manes&nbsp;alebo&nbsp;umbrae) m\u00f4\u017eu komunikova\u0165 so \u017eiv\u00fdmi. Vyvol\u00e1vanie duchov a ve\u0161tenie z nich bolo be\u017enou, hoci \u010dasto zak\u00e1zanou magickou praxou.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Duchovn\u00fd vplyv (daimones):<\/strong>&nbsp;Rimania verili, \u017ee svet je pln\u00fd nevidite\u013en\u00fdch duchovn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed (daim\u00f3nov), ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu posadn\u00fa\u0165 \u010dloveka, vnukn\u00fa\u0165 mu my\u0161lienky, sny alebo ho ovl\u00e1da\u0165 na dia\u013eku.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>M\u00e1gia a prenos my\u0161lienok:<\/strong>&nbsp;Viera v kliatby, k\u00fazla a schopnos\u0165 ment\u00e1lneho\/duchovn\u00e9ho p\u00f4sobenia na dia\u013eku bola v r\u00edmskej spolo\u010dnosti pevne zakorenen\u00e1. Filozofi a teurgovia verili, \u017ee \u013eudsk\u00e1 du\u0161a sa dok\u00e1\u017ee v mystickom vytr\u017een\u00ed spoji\u0165 s bo\u017eskou mys\u013eou.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 style=\"margin: 16px 0 2px 0; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.25;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Vnimali_cisari_Krista_ako_konkurenta_kvoli_duchovnej_komunikacii\"><\/span>4. Vn\u00edmali cis\u00e1ri Krista ako konkurenta kv\u00f4li duchovnej komunik\u00e1cii?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"margin: 2px 0 4px 0; line-height: 1.35;\">Tento rozmer r\u00edmskeho uva\u017eovania je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd pre pochopenie prenasledovania kres\u0165anov. R\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri a \u00faradn\u00edci skuto\u010dne vn\u00edmali kres\u0165anstvo ako&nbsp;<strong>nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa, magick\u00fa a podvratn\u00fa poveru (superstitio)<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin: 4px 0; padding-left: 18px;\">\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Strach z tajn\u00fdch sprisahan\u00ed:<\/strong>&nbsp;R\u00edmske pr\u00e1vo pr\u00edsne zakazovalo tajn\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00e9 spolky a neofici\u00e1lne n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zdru\u017eenia (hetaeriae). Rimania verili, \u017ee ak sa \u013eudia stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa tajne v noci (\u010do kres\u0165ania robili) a ritu\u00e1lne vz\u00fdvaj\u00fa svojho m\u0155tveho vodcu, praktizuj\u00fa&nbsp;<strong>\u010diernu m\u00e1giu<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Mystick\u00e1 lojalita k m\u0155tvemu:<\/strong>&nbsp;Zn\u00e1my je list Pl\u00ednia Mlad\u0161ieho cis\u00e1rovi Traj\u00e1novi (okolo r. 111 n. l.), v ktorom p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee kres\u0165ania sa pred svitan\u00edm sch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa a&nbsp;\u201espievaj\u00fa chv\u00e1lospev Kristovi ako bohu\u201c&nbsp;[4]. Pre r\u00edmskeho cis\u00e1ra to bol d\u00f4kaz, \u017ee t\u00edto \u013eudia s\u00fa pod vplyvom nevidite\u013enej, posmrtnej autority.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 6px 0; padding: 0;\">\r\n<p style=\"margin: 0; line-height: 1.35;\"><strong>Obvinenia z m\u00e1gie:<\/strong>&nbsp;Pohansk\u00ed kritici kres\u0165anstva (napr\u00edklad filozof Celsus v 2. storo\u010d\u00ed) tvrdili, \u017ee Je\u017ei\u0161 bol \u010darodejn\u00edk, ktor\u00fd sa nau\u010dil m\u00e1giu v Egypte, a \u017ee kres\u0165ania pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa jeho meno ako magick\u00e9 zakl\u00ednadlo na ovl\u00e1danie \u013eud\u00ed a komunik\u00e1ciu s n\u00edm.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"margin: 14px 0 2px 0; font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.25;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zaver\"><\/span><strong>Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"margin: 2px 0 6px 0; line-height: 1.35;\">Cis\u00e1ri nevn\u00edmali Krista ako konkurenta v zmysle, \u017ee by sa b\u00e1li arm\u00e1dy m\u0155tvych. B\u00e1li sa v\u0161ak&nbsp;<strong>ment\u00e1lneho a politick\u00e9ho vplyvu<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd t\u00e1to m\u0155tva (a pod\u013ea kres\u0165anov vzkriesen\u00e1) osoba mala na \u017eiv\u00fdch ob\u010danov r\u00ed\u0161e.<br \/>\r\nPre cis\u00e1ra bolo neprijate\u013en\u00e9, \u017ee mili\u00f3ny poddan\u00fdch odmietaj\u00fa uzna\u0165 jeho absol\u00fatnu moc, preto\u017ee s\u00fa loj\u00e1lni nevidite\u013en\u00e9mu Kr\u00e1\u013eovi v druhom svete. Z tohto poh\u013eadu bolo kres\u0165anstvo vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako hnutie s obrovsk\u00fdm politick&amp;\u00fdm rizikom, ktor\u00e9 odmietalo uzna\u0165 cis\u00e1ra ako najvy\u0161\u0161iu mor\u00e1lnu a spolo\u010densk\u00fa autoritu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pohansk\u00ed r\u00edmski cis\u00e1ri boli k \u017didom tolerantn\u00ed a nen\u00fatili ich uctieva\u0165 pohansk\u00fdch bohov \u2013 je to pravda? Ako to vyzeralo s n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou toleranciou v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i? Boli n\u00faten\u00ed pravidelne nav\u0161tevova\u0165 pohansk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1li? Ak\u00e9 boli pohansk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1li na podporu, modlitbu, obetu za cis\u00e1ra? Boli tieto ritu\u00e1li povinn\u00e9? V akej forme mali t\u00fato povinnos\u0165 \u017didia na \u00fazem\u00ed &#8230; <a title=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tolerancia R\u00edmskych cis\u00e1rov ku \u017didom a kres\u0165anom vs prenasledovanie pohanov zo strany kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/sk\/nabozenska-tolerancia-inkluzivizmus-rimskych-cisarov-ku-zidom-a-krestanov-vs-tolerancia-krestanskych-cisarov-ku-pohanstvu\/\" aria-label=\"Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si viac o N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tolerancia R\u00edmskych cis\u00e1rov ku \u017didom a kres\u0165anom vs prenasledovanie pohanov zo strany kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov\">\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-krestanstvo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3762","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3762"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3762\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3765,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3762\/revisions\/3765"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3762"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/filozofia.nett.to\/krestanstvo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}